PORTAGE MODULE 1 PROBLEM SET STUDY
GUIDE 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. There are six levels of organization in the body - what are they? - ANSWER-- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ structure level
- organ system level
- organism level
2. The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external environment
is provided by what system? - ANSWER-Integumentary System
3. The function of movement is provided by what system? - ANSWER-Muscular system - but
skeletal system is responsible for framework of this system
4. The function of responsiveness is provided by what system? - ANSWER-Nervous System
5. The function of digestion is provided by what system? - ANSWER-Digestive System
6. What is anabolism? - ANSWER-Synthesizing more complex structures from simpler ones
7. What is catabolism? - ANSWER-Breakdown of substances into their simpler building blocks
8. Excretion involves what systems? - ANSWER-The respiratory system and the urinary system
9. The reproductive system is controlled by what other system? - ANSWER-Controlled by
hormones from the Endocrine System
10. Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body. - ANSWER-Epithelial
tissue
11. Name the three steps in cellular respiration. - ANSWER-Glycolysis - Citric Acid Cycle -
Electron Transport Chain
12. What is the purpose of ATP? - ANSWER-It is an energy-rich molecule that powers cellular
activities, allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.
13. Epithelial cells perform what types of functions? - ANSWER-They are specialized for tasks
such as secretion and absorption and these cells are under constant cell division to replace dead
cells that shed away
, 14. What are the four basic tissue types? - ANSWER-Epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous
tissue
15. Review the figures in this lecture to recognize the major body systems. - ANSWER-I reviewed
it
16. Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction? - ANSWER-Superficial
17. Away from the body surface is what direction? - ANSWER-Deep
18. Between a more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation? - ANSWER-
Intermediate
19. Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction? - ANSWER-
Medial
20. Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body, is what direction?
- ANSWER-Inferior
21. Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction? - ANSWER-
Superior
22. Toward or at the front of the body is what direction? - ANSWER-Ventral
23. Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis? - ANSWER-Distal
24. Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand? - ANSWER-Proximal
25. Toward or at the back of the body is what direction? - ANSWER-Dorsal
26. Closing of a joint is which action? - ANSWER-Flexion
27. Opening of a joint is which action? - ANSWER-Extension
28. In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination? - ANSWER-Supination
29. Why are the hands in this position (answer from #28/above)? - ANSWER-It keeps the Radius
and Ulna from crossing over each other
30. Define elevation and depression: - ANSWER-Elevation - Upward Movement of a structure
Depression - Downward Movement of a structure
31. Define retraction and protraction: - ANSWER-Retraction: Movement of a structure to be drawn
in the posterior direction (drawn backward)
Protraction: Movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)
32. Look at the figure below of the right elbow. What is the demonstrated action (in the direction
of the arrow)? - ANSWER-Extension
GUIDE 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. There are six levels of organization in the body - what are they? - ANSWER-- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ structure level
- organ system level
- organism level
2. The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external environment
is provided by what system? - ANSWER-Integumentary System
3. The function of movement is provided by what system? - ANSWER-Muscular system - but
skeletal system is responsible for framework of this system
4. The function of responsiveness is provided by what system? - ANSWER-Nervous System
5. The function of digestion is provided by what system? - ANSWER-Digestive System
6. What is anabolism? - ANSWER-Synthesizing more complex structures from simpler ones
7. What is catabolism? - ANSWER-Breakdown of substances into their simpler building blocks
8. Excretion involves what systems? - ANSWER-The respiratory system and the urinary system
9. The reproductive system is controlled by what other system? - ANSWER-Controlled by
hormones from the Endocrine System
10. Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body. - ANSWER-Epithelial
tissue
11. Name the three steps in cellular respiration. - ANSWER-Glycolysis - Citric Acid Cycle -
Electron Transport Chain
12. What is the purpose of ATP? - ANSWER-It is an energy-rich molecule that powers cellular
activities, allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.
13. Epithelial cells perform what types of functions? - ANSWER-They are specialized for tasks
such as secretion and absorption and these cells are under constant cell division to replace dead
cells that shed away
, 14. What are the four basic tissue types? - ANSWER-Epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous
tissue
15. Review the figures in this lecture to recognize the major body systems. - ANSWER-I reviewed
it
16. Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction? - ANSWER-Superficial
17. Away from the body surface is what direction? - ANSWER-Deep
18. Between a more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation? - ANSWER-
Intermediate
19. Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction? - ANSWER-
Medial
20. Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body, is what direction?
- ANSWER-Inferior
21. Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction? - ANSWER-
Superior
22. Toward or at the front of the body is what direction? - ANSWER-Ventral
23. Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis? - ANSWER-Distal
24. Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand? - ANSWER-Proximal
25. Toward or at the back of the body is what direction? - ANSWER-Dorsal
26. Closing of a joint is which action? - ANSWER-Flexion
27. Opening of a joint is which action? - ANSWER-Extension
28. In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination? - ANSWER-Supination
29. Why are the hands in this position (answer from #28/above)? - ANSWER-It keeps the Radius
and Ulna from crossing over each other
30. Define elevation and depression: - ANSWER-Elevation - Upward Movement of a structure
Depression - Downward Movement of a structure
31. Define retraction and protraction: - ANSWER-Retraction: Movement of a structure to be drawn
in the posterior direction (drawn backward)
Protraction: Movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)
32. Look at the figure below of the right elbow. What is the demonstrated action (in the direction
of the arrow)? - ANSWER-Extension
