BIO 245 TEST 2 KLESATH STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium - ANSWER-3 layers of heart wall
visceral pericardium, pericardial cavity, parietal epicardium, fibrous pericardium - ANSWER-
layers of pericardium
structural supports, anchors valves, attachment of cardiac muscle, electrical insulator -
ANSWER-cardiac skeleton function
pericarditis - ANSWER-inflammation of the pericardium resulting in excess fluid leaving the
blood and filling the pericardial cavity. Limits hearts movement preventing chambers from filling
properly.
cardiomegaly - ANSWER-increased thickness in myocardium or enlargement of the overall heart
due to dilation.
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - ANSWER-condition marked by enlargement of the heart walls
and narrowing of arteries. Referred to as athlete's heart.
Na+ slowly enters nodal cell, when threshold is reached Ca+ rushes in, K+ rushes out - ANSWER-
electrical events in the nodal cell
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume - ANSWER-cardiac output equation
chronotropic agents - ANSWER-factors that change heart rate
atrial systole, early ventricular systole, late ventricular systole, early ventricular diastole, late
ventricular diastole - ANSWER-cardiac cycle
Tachycardia - ANSWER-persistently high resting heart rate (>100 bpm), often caused by heart
disease, fever, or anxiety
bradycardia - ANSWER-persistently low resting heart rate (<60 bpm), normal in athletes.
Abnormally caused by hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, and congestive heart failure.
dicrotic notch - ANSWER-dip in aortic pressure following the closure of the semilunar valves
(onset of ventricular diastole)
stroke volume - ANSWER-the volume of blood ejected from a ventricle at each beat of the
heart, equal to the difference of the end diastolic volume and end systolic volume
thyroid hormone, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine - ANSWER-positive chronotropic agents
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium - ANSWER-3 layers of heart wall
visceral pericardium, pericardial cavity, parietal epicardium, fibrous pericardium - ANSWER-
layers of pericardium
structural supports, anchors valves, attachment of cardiac muscle, electrical insulator -
ANSWER-cardiac skeleton function
pericarditis - ANSWER-inflammation of the pericardium resulting in excess fluid leaving the
blood and filling the pericardial cavity. Limits hearts movement preventing chambers from filling
properly.
cardiomegaly - ANSWER-increased thickness in myocardium or enlargement of the overall heart
due to dilation.
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - ANSWER-condition marked by enlargement of the heart walls
and narrowing of arteries. Referred to as athlete's heart.
Na+ slowly enters nodal cell, when threshold is reached Ca+ rushes in, K+ rushes out - ANSWER-
electrical events in the nodal cell
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume - ANSWER-cardiac output equation
chronotropic agents - ANSWER-factors that change heart rate
atrial systole, early ventricular systole, late ventricular systole, early ventricular diastole, late
ventricular diastole - ANSWER-cardiac cycle
Tachycardia - ANSWER-persistently high resting heart rate (>100 bpm), often caused by heart
disease, fever, or anxiety
bradycardia - ANSWER-persistently low resting heart rate (<60 bpm), normal in athletes.
Abnormally caused by hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, and congestive heart failure.
dicrotic notch - ANSWER-dip in aortic pressure following the closure of the semilunar valves
(onset of ventricular diastole)
stroke volume - ANSWER-the volume of blood ejected from a ventricle at each beat of the
heart, equal to the difference of the end diastolic volume and end systolic volume
thyroid hormone, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine - ANSWER-positive chronotropic agents
