BIOCHEMISTRY
↳
All living things are made of elements ,
molecules
,
and compounds .
* Metabolism is
the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur within the
cells of living things.
Essential Elements of Life
·
About 25 of the 118 elements are essential to life
Carbon of
-
, Hydrogen oxygen , ,
and nitrogen make up 96 % living matter.
* Trace elements those
are
required by an
organism in very small
quantities.
↳
When we lack nutrient
a deficiency
.
=
Isotopes =
when two atoms of an element have different numbers of neutrons in the
nucleus , (EX . Carbon-12 ,
carbon-13
,
...
)
·
The formation and function of molecules depends on forces between atoms
↳ electrostatic attractions
-
Intramolecular= chemical bonds within the same molecule
없있다 섭.
.
↳
_
↳ intra
Inter different
_
_
motecular = forces/attractions between molecules ·
① covalent bonds two non-metals
sharing elections
=
{
② Ionic bond =
a metal and a non-metal where one loses - and one
gains e
ef
}
↳ (cost
creates a cation =
positively charged Elections are transferred
negatively charged (gains e)
creates an arion =
# of elections to will determine how
required complete an atom's valence shell
many
bonds it will form,
Polar & Non-Polar Lovalent Bonds .
·
In a nonpolar covalent bond , - are shared equally .
·
In a
polar covalent bond ,
one atom is more
electronegative I will "take" more e
↳ will cause a partial negative B partial positive charge .
Electronegativity =
an atom's attraction for electrons
5 5
t
neg pos
, 않압 … , f-
↓ s
.
보 *
Intermolecular Bonds =
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds involve at least I
·
hydrogen atom
It to
↳
covalently bonded an
electronegative atom is attracted to O, N , F on
snother polar morecure .
* Noe' shared/transferred -
only attraction ,
·
Disulfide Bonds (sulfur bridge)
=
A single covalent bond between two sulfur-
containing molecules
* Important in the folding and stability of proteins .
↳
Camino sulfur) .
can occur between cysteines acid
containing
WATER -
Simple Review
·
Water is a moreure side
slightly and is
-
> one is O one
polar
↳ the
dipole nature of water is due to the diff in
electronegativity of hydrogen and
oxygen.
↳
water forms hydrogen bonds
① Water is
great of it's dissolves substances than
a solvent because polarity >
- more
any
other liquid
② Water is less dense in solid form than in
Liquid because H-bonds are more stable in
the solid form =
they spread out
.
③ break
Water has a
really high heat capacity because a lot of energy is
required to
hydrogen bonds.
⑨
Adnesion 3 cohesion
r
hydrophilic
Phospholipids polar non-polar properties 000
111110
=
both
-
>
-
hychophilic (polar) stays
hydrophobic (non-polar) repelled by
in contact
wate
with water
IMMI
. . . ..
hydrophobic
↳
All living things are made of elements ,
molecules
,
and compounds .
* Metabolism is
the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur within the
cells of living things.
Essential Elements of Life
·
About 25 of the 118 elements are essential to life
Carbon of
-
, Hydrogen oxygen , ,
and nitrogen make up 96 % living matter.
* Trace elements those
are
required by an
organism in very small
quantities.
↳
When we lack nutrient
a deficiency
.
=
Isotopes =
when two atoms of an element have different numbers of neutrons in the
nucleus , (EX . Carbon-12 ,
carbon-13
,
...
)
·
The formation and function of molecules depends on forces between atoms
↳ electrostatic attractions
-
Intramolecular= chemical bonds within the same molecule
없있다 섭.
.
↳
_
↳ intra
Inter different
_
_
motecular = forces/attractions between molecules ·
① covalent bonds two non-metals
sharing elections
=
{
② Ionic bond =
a metal and a non-metal where one loses - and one
gains e
ef
}
↳ (cost
creates a cation =
positively charged Elections are transferred
negatively charged (gains e)
creates an arion =
# of elections to will determine how
required complete an atom's valence shell
many
bonds it will form,
Polar & Non-Polar Lovalent Bonds .
·
In a nonpolar covalent bond , - are shared equally .
·
In a
polar covalent bond ,
one atom is more
electronegative I will "take" more e
↳ will cause a partial negative B partial positive charge .
Electronegativity =
an atom's attraction for electrons
5 5
t
neg pos
, 않압 … , f-
↓ s
.
보 *
Intermolecular Bonds =
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds involve at least I
·
hydrogen atom
It to
↳
covalently bonded an
electronegative atom is attracted to O, N , F on
snother polar morecure .
* Noe' shared/transferred -
only attraction ,
·
Disulfide Bonds (sulfur bridge)
=
A single covalent bond between two sulfur-
containing molecules
* Important in the folding and stability of proteins .
↳
Camino sulfur) .
can occur between cysteines acid
containing
WATER -
Simple Review
·
Water is a moreure side
slightly and is
-
> one is O one
polar
↳ the
dipole nature of water is due to the diff in
electronegativity of hydrogen and
oxygen.
↳
water forms hydrogen bonds
① Water is
great of it's dissolves substances than
a solvent because polarity >
- more
any
other liquid
② Water is less dense in solid form than in
Liquid because H-bonds are more stable in
the solid form =
they spread out
.
③ break
Water has a
really high heat capacity because a lot of energy is
required to
hydrogen bonds.
⑨
Adnesion 3 cohesion
r
hydrophilic
Phospholipids polar non-polar properties 000
111110
=
both
-
>
-
hychophilic (polar) stays
hydrophobic (non-polar) repelled by
in contact
wate
with water
IMMI
. . . ..
hydrophobic
