By Saif Ali Raza
1
Contact # 0323 – 4791765
,By Saif Ali Raza
Preface
We are delighted to present the "Solution Manual to Past Papers
(Analytical Chemistry – Special Theory – I) from 2014 to 2024", tailored specifically
for 8th Semester BS (Hons.) Chemistry students enrolled in Punjab University
affiliated colleges. This comprehensive guide has been carefully compiled and
authored by Saif Ali Raza and Insha Yaseen with the primary goal of assisting
students in achieving academic excellence in the subject of Analytical Chemistry.
Analytical Chemistry is a vital and intricate branch of chemistry that
demands a strong grasp of theoretical concepts and their practical applications.
Understanding the core principles and being able to solve both short and long
questions with precision is essential for academic and professional success.
Recognizing this need, we have developed this manual as a trusted companion for
students, aiming to reduce the stress of exam preparation while enhancing
conceptual understanding. This book covers a complete and authentic solution set
for the past 10 years of examination papers (2014–2024). It includes :
• Short questions designed to test foundational knowledge, recall, and rapid
application.
• Long questions that delve deeper into analytical principles, problem-solving
techniques, and critical analysis of chemical data.
Each answer has been carefully formulated in a clear, concise, and
examination – oriented format, keeping in view the university's marking criteria
and syllabus requirements. Where necessary, illustrative diagrams, equations, and
structured explanations are provided to aid clarity and comprehension.
We hope this solution manual serves as a valuable academic tool and helps
students build confidence in their preparation for final examinations. It is our
sincere aspiration that this book empowers students not only to perform well in
exams but also to develop a deeper appreciation for the analytical aspects of
chemistry that play a crucial role in research, quality control, and industrial
applications.
We warmly welcome constructive feedback and suggestions for future
improvements.
Authors
Saif Ali Raza
Insha Yaseen
2
Contact # 0323 – 4791765
,By Saif Ali Raza
Table of content
Sr. No. Past paper year Page no.
01 2014 04 – 17
02 2015 18 – 31
03 2016 32 – 4
04 2017 44 – 58
05 2018 59 – 71
06 2019 72 – 78
07 2020 79 – 89
08 2021 90 – 94
09 2022 95 – 108
10 2023 109 – 118
11 2024 119 – 133
3
Contact # 0323 – 4791765
, By Saif Ali Raza
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (Sp. Theory – 1)
COURSE CODE : CHEM – 431
2014 SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Define specific and molar conductance?
Specific conductance (κ or C ) : Specific conductance, also known as conductivity, is the
conducting power of all the ions present in a unit volume (1 cm³) of a solution. It measures how
well a solution conducts electricity.
• It is defined as the reciprocal of resistivity (ρ).
1 1 𝑙
𝜅= , 𝜅= ⋅
𝜌 𝑅 𝐴
• It is represented by the Greek letter κ (kappa).
• SI Unit : S·cm⁻¹ (Siemens per centimeter)
Molar conductance (Λₘ) : Molar conductance is defined as the conductance of all the ions
produced by one mole of an electrolyte dissolved in a specific volume of solution. It represents
how effectively one mole of electrolyte conducts electricity in solution.
• It is denoted as Λₘ
1000
𝛬𝑚 = 𝜅 ×
𝐶
• Its unit is S·cm²·mol⁻¹
• Increases with dilution
Reference :
o Atkins, P. & de Paula, J. (2014). Atkins' Physical Chemistry, 10th Edition. Oxford University
Press.
o Skoog, D. A., West, D. M., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S. R. (2013). Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry, 9th Edition. Cengage Learning.
o Castellan, G. W. (2004). Physical Chemistry, 4th Edition. Narosa Publishing House.
o Daniels, F., & Alberty, R. A. (1975). Physical Chemistry, 4th Edition. Wiley.
2. Write names of some methods used to determine the concentration of
unknown solution in classical polarography?
1) Calibration curve method (external standard method)
2) Standard addition method
3) Ilkovic equation method
4) Limiting current analysis (diffusion – limited region)
Reference :
o Skoog, D. A., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S. R. (2017). Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 7th
Ed. Cengage Learning.
o Harris, D. C. (2015). Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 9th Ed. W.H. Freeman & Co.
4
Contact # 0323 – 4791765
1
Contact # 0323 – 4791765
,By Saif Ali Raza
Preface
We are delighted to present the "Solution Manual to Past Papers
(Analytical Chemistry – Special Theory – I) from 2014 to 2024", tailored specifically
for 8th Semester BS (Hons.) Chemistry students enrolled in Punjab University
affiliated colleges. This comprehensive guide has been carefully compiled and
authored by Saif Ali Raza and Insha Yaseen with the primary goal of assisting
students in achieving academic excellence in the subject of Analytical Chemistry.
Analytical Chemistry is a vital and intricate branch of chemistry that
demands a strong grasp of theoretical concepts and their practical applications.
Understanding the core principles and being able to solve both short and long
questions with precision is essential for academic and professional success.
Recognizing this need, we have developed this manual as a trusted companion for
students, aiming to reduce the stress of exam preparation while enhancing
conceptual understanding. This book covers a complete and authentic solution set
for the past 10 years of examination papers (2014–2024). It includes :
• Short questions designed to test foundational knowledge, recall, and rapid
application.
• Long questions that delve deeper into analytical principles, problem-solving
techniques, and critical analysis of chemical data.
Each answer has been carefully formulated in a clear, concise, and
examination – oriented format, keeping in view the university's marking criteria
and syllabus requirements. Where necessary, illustrative diagrams, equations, and
structured explanations are provided to aid clarity and comprehension.
We hope this solution manual serves as a valuable academic tool and helps
students build confidence in their preparation for final examinations. It is our
sincere aspiration that this book empowers students not only to perform well in
exams but also to develop a deeper appreciation for the analytical aspects of
chemistry that play a crucial role in research, quality control, and industrial
applications.
We warmly welcome constructive feedback and suggestions for future
improvements.
Authors
Saif Ali Raza
Insha Yaseen
2
Contact # 0323 – 4791765
,By Saif Ali Raza
Table of content
Sr. No. Past paper year Page no.
01 2014 04 – 17
02 2015 18 – 31
03 2016 32 – 4
04 2017 44 – 58
05 2018 59 – 71
06 2019 72 – 78
07 2020 79 – 89
08 2021 90 – 94
09 2022 95 – 108
10 2023 109 – 118
11 2024 119 – 133
3
Contact # 0323 – 4791765
, By Saif Ali Raza
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (Sp. Theory – 1)
COURSE CODE : CHEM – 431
2014 SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Define specific and molar conductance?
Specific conductance (κ or C ) : Specific conductance, also known as conductivity, is the
conducting power of all the ions present in a unit volume (1 cm³) of a solution. It measures how
well a solution conducts electricity.
• It is defined as the reciprocal of resistivity (ρ).
1 1 𝑙
𝜅= , 𝜅= ⋅
𝜌 𝑅 𝐴
• It is represented by the Greek letter κ (kappa).
• SI Unit : S·cm⁻¹ (Siemens per centimeter)
Molar conductance (Λₘ) : Molar conductance is defined as the conductance of all the ions
produced by one mole of an electrolyte dissolved in a specific volume of solution. It represents
how effectively one mole of electrolyte conducts electricity in solution.
• It is denoted as Λₘ
1000
𝛬𝑚 = 𝜅 ×
𝐶
• Its unit is S·cm²·mol⁻¹
• Increases with dilution
Reference :
o Atkins, P. & de Paula, J. (2014). Atkins' Physical Chemistry, 10th Edition. Oxford University
Press.
o Skoog, D. A., West, D. M., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S. R. (2013). Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry, 9th Edition. Cengage Learning.
o Castellan, G. W. (2004). Physical Chemistry, 4th Edition. Narosa Publishing House.
o Daniels, F., & Alberty, R. A. (1975). Physical Chemistry, 4th Edition. Wiley.
2. Write names of some methods used to determine the concentration of
unknown solution in classical polarography?
1) Calibration curve method (external standard method)
2) Standard addition method
3) Ilkovic equation method
4) Limiting current analysis (diffusion – limited region)
Reference :
o Skoog, D. A., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S. R. (2017). Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 7th
Ed. Cengage Learning.
o Harris, D. C. (2015). Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 9th Ed. W.H. Freeman & Co.
4
Contact # 0323 – 4791765
