UNE BIO 1010 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS NEW MODIFIED
GRADED A+
Describe the structure of DNA
4 features of DNA:
1) Double-stranded helix
2) Uniform diameter
3) Twists to the right
4) Strands are antiparallel (5' at top of one and 3' at top of other)
3 components:
1) phosphate group
2) pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
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,3) nitrogenous base (purines: adenine/thymine & pyrimidines:
cytosine/guanine)
Levels of structure of DNA
1. Nucleotides
2. Form a strand
3. Double helix
4. Chromosomes (in association with proteins)
5. Genome (complete complement of organism's genetic material)
4 criteria for DNA
1) information (sequence of bases stores info)
2) replication (each strand is a template for the other)
3) transmission (can be passed from one cell to another during cell division)
4) variation (alleles have different DNA sequences)
experiments that led to the identification of DNA as the genetic material
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,Griffith Experiment (1920's), found 2 diff bacterias that he tested on rats to try
to find a vaccine, one was harterm-4mless and one was deadly. Did not realize
what he'd found was DNA.
Avery, Mcleod, and McCarty (1940's), used Griffith experiment, eliminated
protein (mouse dies), eliminated RNA (mouse dies), and eliminated DNA
(mouse lives!). Concluded the DNA was transforming the bacteria and making
them deadly.
Hershey & Chase (1950's), looking at viruses that infect bacteria. Whatever
virus injects into bacteria has to be its genetic material. Use phosphorous and
sulfur to label virus, then exposed to bacteria and looked at what was injected
into bacteria. Phosphorous was injected, had DNA. Conclusion: DNA is the
genetic material.
Watson & Crick -- determined 3-D structure of DNA. Structure revealed
function.
Genome vs. proteome
Genome: collection of our "recipes" for making proteins
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, Proteome: collection of proteins from the genes that are actually expressed
DNA conventional numbering system & layout & bonding
- sugar carbons 1' - 5'
- base attached to 1'
- phosphate attached to 5'
- nucleotides covalently bonded
- phosphodiester bond (phosphate links 2 sugars)
- phosphates and sugars form backbone
- bases project from backbone
- directionality: 5' to 3'
- 5' - TACG - 3'
How does DNA structure inform it's function?
The function of DNA is to store all of the genetic information that an organism
needs to develop, function, and reproduce. Essentially, it is the biological
instruction manual found in each of your cells.
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VERIFIED SOLUTIONS NEW MODIFIED
GRADED A+
Describe the structure of DNA
4 features of DNA:
1) Double-stranded helix
2) Uniform diameter
3) Twists to the right
4) Strands are antiparallel (5' at top of one and 3' at top of other)
3 components:
1) phosphate group
2) pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
Page 1 of 91
,3) nitrogenous base (purines: adenine/thymine & pyrimidines:
cytosine/guanine)
Levels of structure of DNA
1. Nucleotides
2. Form a strand
3. Double helix
4. Chromosomes (in association with proteins)
5. Genome (complete complement of organism's genetic material)
4 criteria for DNA
1) information (sequence of bases stores info)
2) replication (each strand is a template for the other)
3) transmission (can be passed from one cell to another during cell division)
4) variation (alleles have different DNA sequences)
experiments that led to the identification of DNA as the genetic material
Page 2 of 91
,Griffith Experiment (1920's), found 2 diff bacterias that he tested on rats to try
to find a vaccine, one was harterm-4mless and one was deadly. Did not realize
what he'd found was DNA.
Avery, Mcleod, and McCarty (1940's), used Griffith experiment, eliminated
protein (mouse dies), eliminated RNA (mouse dies), and eliminated DNA
(mouse lives!). Concluded the DNA was transforming the bacteria and making
them deadly.
Hershey & Chase (1950's), looking at viruses that infect bacteria. Whatever
virus injects into bacteria has to be its genetic material. Use phosphorous and
sulfur to label virus, then exposed to bacteria and looked at what was injected
into bacteria. Phosphorous was injected, had DNA. Conclusion: DNA is the
genetic material.
Watson & Crick -- determined 3-D structure of DNA. Structure revealed
function.
Genome vs. proteome
Genome: collection of our "recipes" for making proteins
Page 3 of 91
, Proteome: collection of proteins from the genes that are actually expressed
DNA conventional numbering system & layout & bonding
- sugar carbons 1' - 5'
- base attached to 1'
- phosphate attached to 5'
- nucleotides covalently bonded
- phosphodiester bond (phosphate links 2 sugars)
- phosphates and sugars form backbone
- bases project from backbone
- directionality: 5' to 3'
- 5' - TACG - 3'
How does DNA structure inform it's function?
The function of DNA is to store all of the genetic information that an organism
needs to develop, function, and reproduce. Essentially, it is the biological
instruction manual found in each of your cells.
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