WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 191
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025/2026
T-cells produce cytokines -> cytokines stimulate B cells -> B cells produce
antibodies - CORRECT ANSWER How does your body respond to infection?
DNA changes can cause congenital abnormalities (Spina Bifida and ND-PAE) -
CORRECT ANSWER Role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities
reduced blood flow -> cause kidneys to release renin -> production of angiotensin
I -> angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II -> angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction -> aldosterone is released -> Na+ and H2O are conserved ->
reduced urinary output which maintains fluid volume which helps maintain BP -
CORRECT ANSWER RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
- Increased anion gap
- Decreased HCO3 - CORRECT ANSWER DKA
- Retain H+
- Excrete HCO3 - CORRECT ANSWER How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis?
Potassium - CORRECT ANSWER Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which
electrolyte?
- Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito.
,- Mild S/S: fever, headache and body ache, nausea and vomiting, rash to chest,
stomach, and back, neck soreness, swollen lymph gland
- Severe S/S: high fever, headache and stiff neck, confusion/disorientation, coma,
seizures, muscle weakness, numbness, paralysis, vision loss - CORRECT ANSWER
West Nile Virus
- Tick-borne disease
- Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi - CORRECT ANSWER Lyme disease
- Febrile URI in children
- Sudden onset of red/flushed cheeks
- Fifth Ds - CORRECT ANSWER Erythema infectious
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Maternal malnutrition (insufficient Folic Acid)
- Medications (Valproic Acid) - CORRECT ANSWER Risk Factors for Spina Bifida
- Carpal Spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff above the systolic
pressure for a few minutes
- Associated with hypocalcemia - CORRECT ANSWER Trousseau’s sign
- Exposure to alcohol
- Genetic predisposition/ethnicity
,- Lack of folic acid
- Smoking - CORRECT ANSWER Causes of Spina Bifida
- FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome)
- Alcohol disrupts neuronal proliferation, migration, and impairs growth due to
decreased arterial blood flow to the fetus, impaired protein synthesis, and altered
hormone levels.
- Impaired cognitive function, behavioral issues - CORRECT ANSWER ND-PAE
(neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure)
- Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus
- Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravis - CORRECT ANSWER
Connective vs muscle tissue disorders
- Chronic autoimmune ds
- Antibodies attack ACH receptors
- Inflammation of various parts of the body
- Butterfly rash, joint pain, weakness, ptosis, diplopia, dysphagia - CORRECT
ANSWER Lupus
- Non-cancerous
- Stationary
- Distinct borders - CORRECT ANSWER Benign Neoplasm
- Uncontrolled new tissue growth
, - Cells have lost control over growth/division
- Irregular borders
- Spreads - CORRECT ANSWER Malignant Neoplasm
Softening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER
Osteocalcin (Rickets)
Oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells. - CORRECT ANSWER Myoglobin
- Unknown cause characterized
- Excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation
(softening/thickening)
- Can affect any bone
- Most common bones: femur, lumbar spine, pelvis, skull
- Tinnitus, bone pain, thick/enlarged bones - CORRECT ANSWER Paget's Disease
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma - CORRECT ANSWER What are the three types of skin cancer?
- Most common
- Least severe
- Light/pearly nodules
- Commonly on face d/t UV exposure
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025/2026
T-cells produce cytokines -> cytokines stimulate B cells -> B cells produce
antibodies - CORRECT ANSWER How does your body respond to infection?
DNA changes can cause congenital abnormalities (Spina Bifida and ND-PAE) -
CORRECT ANSWER Role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities
reduced blood flow -> cause kidneys to release renin -> production of angiotensin
I -> angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II -> angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction -> aldosterone is released -> Na+ and H2O are conserved ->
reduced urinary output which maintains fluid volume which helps maintain BP -
CORRECT ANSWER RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
- Increased anion gap
- Decreased HCO3 - CORRECT ANSWER DKA
- Retain H+
- Excrete HCO3 - CORRECT ANSWER How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis?
Potassium - CORRECT ANSWER Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which
electrolyte?
- Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito.
,- Mild S/S: fever, headache and body ache, nausea and vomiting, rash to chest,
stomach, and back, neck soreness, swollen lymph gland
- Severe S/S: high fever, headache and stiff neck, confusion/disorientation, coma,
seizures, muscle weakness, numbness, paralysis, vision loss - CORRECT ANSWER
West Nile Virus
- Tick-borne disease
- Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi - CORRECT ANSWER Lyme disease
- Febrile URI in children
- Sudden onset of red/flushed cheeks
- Fifth Ds - CORRECT ANSWER Erythema infectious
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Maternal malnutrition (insufficient Folic Acid)
- Medications (Valproic Acid) - CORRECT ANSWER Risk Factors for Spina Bifida
- Carpal Spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff above the systolic
pressure for a few minutes
- Associated with hypocalcemia - CORRECT ANSWER Trousseau’s sign
- Exposure to alcohol
- Genetic predisposition/ethnicity
,- Lack of folic acid
- Smoking - CORRECT ANSWER Causes of Spina Bifida
- FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome)
- Alcohol disrupts neuronal proliferation, migration, and impairs growth due to
decreased arterial blood flow to the fetus, impaired protein synthesis, and altered
hormone levels.
- Impaired cognitive function, behavioral issues - CORRECT ANSWER ND-PAE
(neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure)
- Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus
- Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravis - CORRECT ANSWER
Connective vs muscle tissue disorders
- Chronic autoimmune ds
- Antibodies attack ACH receptors
- Inflammation of various parts of the body
- Butterfly rash, joint pain, weakness, ptosis, diplopia, dysphagia - CORRECT
ANSWER Lupus
- Non-cancerous
- Stationary
- Distinct borders - CORRECT ANSWER Benign Neoplasm
- Uncontrolled new tissue growth
, - Cells have lost control over growth/division
- Irregular borders
- Spreads - CORRECT ANSWER Malignant Neoplasm
Softening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER
Osteocalcin (Rickets)
Oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells. - CORRECT ANSWER Myoglobin
- Unknown cause characterized
- Excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation
(softening/thickening)
- Can affect any bone
- Most common bones: femur, lumbar spine, pelvis, skull
- Tinnitus, bone pain, thick/enlarged bones - CORRECT ANSWER Paget's Disease
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma - CORRECT ANSWER What are the three types of skin cancer?
- Most common
- Least severe
- Light/pearly nodules
- Commonly on face d/t UV exposure
