BIL 150 MALLERY EXAM REVIEW 2026
EXAMINATION TEST WITH SOLVED QUESTIONS
◉ Prokaryote. Answer: any self-contained cell or organism that lacks
internal unit membranes. Bacteria are among the best-known procaryotic
organisms. Procaryotes lack a nuclear membrane and most of the
components of eucaryotic cells. The cell membrane consists of a
phospholipid unit membrane and constitutes the cell's primary osmotic
barrier. The cytoplasm includes ribosomes that carry out translation and
protein synthesis. The nuclear region usually consists of circular, double-
stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Many procaryotes also contain
accessory, self-replicating genetic structures, called plasmids, with
additional dispensable cell functions, such as encoding proteins to
inactivate antibiotics. The flagella are distinct from those of eucaryotes
in design and movement. The organelles that are present, such as storage
vesicles, are surrounded by a non-unit membrane consisting principally
of proteins.
◉ Archaebacteria. Answer: aquatic or terrestrial microorganisms that
exhibit a diversity of shapes, including spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral
forms. Archaebacteria lack murein (ester lipids) in the cell walls, which
is characteristic of eubacteria; instead, they have ether lipids, as well as a
number of different cell-wall constituents. Archaebacteria also differ
from eubacteria in the structure of their ribosomal RNA's, which are
used in genetic testing to assess the degree of genetic relatedness among
different species. The archaebacteria reproduce using a wide variety of
,mechanisms, including binary and multiple fission, budding, and
fragmentation. Archaebacteria survive in a number of extreme
environments, including very hot or saline ones. Archaebacteria may be
aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic in their metabolic
requirements. Some archaebacteria, such as Halobacterium, require a
highly saline environment. Others, such as Methanobacterium, produce
methane (CH4) as an end product, while still others are dependent on
sulfur for their metabolism. The latter group are among the most
thermophilic of the archaebacteria, surviving in temperatures higher than
45 to 50 C (113 to 122 F).
◉ Eubacteria. Answer: any of a group of true bacteria species and one of
two major groups of prokaryotic organisms. The other major group, the
archaebacteria, are as different from eubacteria as either is from the
eukaryotes. The division of the bacteria into two groups has been
suggested by ribosomal RNA studies of the genetic information of the
organisms. Eubacteria and archaebacteria are thought to have evolved
separately from a common ancestor early in Earth's history. Eubacteria
and archaebacteria differ in important characteristics, such as the number
of ribosomal proteins and the size and shape of the ribosomal S unit.
◉ Eucaryote. Answer: any cell or organism that possesses a clearly
defined nucleus, a description that excludes bacteria and blue-green
algae. The eucaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane, well-defined
chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material), mitochondria
(cellular energy exchangers), a Golgi apparatus (secretory device), an
endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like communication system within the
cell), &lysosomes (digestive apparatus within many cell types).
,◉ Virus. Answer: an infectious agent of small size and simple
composition that can reproduce only in living cells of animals, plants, or
bacteria. A virus consists of a single-or double-stranded nucleic acid and
at least one protein surrounded by a protein shell, called a capsid. The
nucleic acid carries the virus's genome--its collection of genes--and may
consist of either DNA or RNA. The protein capsid provides protection
for the nucleic acid and may contain enzymes that enable the virus to
enter its appropriate host cell. Some viruses are rod-shaped, others are
icosahedral (a roughly spherical shape that is actually a 20-sided
polygon), and still others have complex shapes consisting of a
multisided "head" and a cylindrical "tail."
◉ Cell division. Answer: nucleus, chromosomes, centrioles,
microtubules (spindle fibers) microfilaments (cell furrow pinching it
apart
◉ Information storage & transfer. Answer: nucleus, chromosome, DNA-
-> mRNA --> ribosomes --> enzymes & proteins
◉ Energy conversion. Answer: mitochondria
◉ Manufactures membranes & products. Answer: ribosomes, rough
E.R., smooth E.R., Golgi apparatus and its vesicles
◉ Lipid synthesis & drug detoxification. Answer: smooth E.R.
, ◉ Digestion & recycling. Answer: lysosomes and food vacuoles
◉ Conversion of H2O2 to water. Answer: peroxisomes
◉ Structural integrity. Answer: cytoskeleton: microtubules,
microfilaments, intermediate filaments
◉ Movement. Answer: cilia and flagella, microtubules, microfilaments
(actin in muscles) and pseudopodia
◉ Exchanges with the environment. Answer: plasma membrane and
vesicles
◉ Cell to cell connections. Answer: tight junctions, desmosomes, gap
junctions, plasmodesma
◉ Plant cell inter-cell communication. Answer: plasmodesma
◉ photosynthesis. Answer: chloroplast
◉ membrane cavity of metabolic waste. Answer: vacuole
EXAMINATION TEST WITH SOLVED QUESTIONS
◉ Prokaryote. Answer: any self-contained cell or organism that lacks
internal unit membranes. Bacteria are among the best-known procaryotic
organisms. Procaryotes lack a nuclear membrane and most of the
components of eucaryotic cells. The cell membrane consists of a
phospholipid unit membrane and constitutes the cell's primary osmotic
barrier. The cytoplasm includes ribosomes that carry out translation and
protein synthesis. The nuclear region usually consists of circular, double-
stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Many procaryotes also contain
accessory, self-replicating genetic structures, called plasmids, with
additional dispensable cell functions, such as encoding proteins to
inactivate antibiotics. The flagella are distinct from those of eucaryotes
in design and movement. The organelles that are present, such as storage
vesicles, are surrounded by a non-unit membrane consisting principally
of proteins.
◉ Archaebacteria. Answer: aquatic or terrestrial microorganisms that
exhibit a diversity of shapes, including spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral
forms. Archaebacteria lack murein (ester lipids) in the cell walls, which
is characteristic of eubacteria; instead, they have ether lipids, as well as a
number of different cell-wall constituents. Archaebacteria also differ
from eubacteria in the structure of their ribosomal RNA's, which are
used in genetic testing to assess the degree of genetic relatedness among
different species. The archaebacteria reproduce using a wide variety of
,mechanisms, including binary and multiple fission, budding, and
fragmentation. Archaebacteria survive in a number of extreme
environments, including very hot or saline ones. Archaebacteria may be
aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic in their metabolic
requirements. Some archaebacteria, such as Halobacterium, require a
highly saline environment. Others, such as Methanobacterium, produce
methane (CH4) as an end product, while still others are dependent on
sulfur for their metabolism. The latter group are among the most
thermophilic of the archaebacteria, surviving in temperatures higher than
45 to 50 C (113 to 122 F).
◉ Eubacteria. Answer: any of a group of true bacteria species and one of
two major groups of prokaryotic organisms. The other major group, the
archaebacteria, are as different from eubacteria as either is from the
eukaryotes. The division of the bacteria into two groups has been
suggested by ribosomal RNA studies of the genetic information of the
organisms. Eubacteria and archaebacteria are thought to have evolved
separately from a common ancestor early in Earth's history. Eubacteria
and archaebacteria differ in important characteristics, such as the number
of ribosomal proteins and the size and shape of the ribosomal S unit.
◉ Eucaryote. Answer: any cell or organism that possesses a clearly
defined nucleus, a description that excludes bacteria and blue-green
algae. The eucaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane, well-defined
chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material), mitochondria
(cellular energy exchangers), a Golgi apparatus (secretory device), an
endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like communication system within the
cell), &lysosomes (digestive apparatus within many cell types).
,◉ Virus. Answer: an infectious agent of small size and simple
composition that can reproduce only in living cells of animals, plants, or
bacteria. A virus consists of a single-or double-stranded nucleic acid and
at least one protein surrounded by a protein shell, called a capsid. The
nucleic acid carries the virus's genome--its collection of genes--and may
consist of either DNA or RNA. The protein capsid provides protection
for the nucleic acid and may contain enzymes that enable the virus to
enter its appropriate host cell. Some viruses are rod-shaped, others are
icosahedral (a roughly spherical shape that is actually a 20-sided
polygon), and still others have complex shapes consisting of a
multisided "head" and a cylindrical "tail."
◉ Cell division. Answer: nucleus, chromosomes, centrioles,
microtubules (spindle fibers) microfilaments (cell furrow pinching it
apart
◉ Information storage & transfer. Answer: nucleus, chromosome, DNA-
-> mRNA --> ribosomes --> enzymes & proteins
◉ Energy conversion. Answer: mitochondria
◉ Manufactures membranes & products. Answer: ribosomes, rough
E.R., smooth E.R., Golgi apparatus and its vesicles
◉ Lipid synthesis & drug detoxification. Answer: smooth E.R.
, ◉ Digestion & recycling. Answer: lysosomes and food vacuoles
◉ Conversion of H2O2 to water. Answer: peroxisomes
◉ Structural integrity. Answer: cytoskeleton: microtubules,
microfilaments, intermediate filaments
◉ Movement. Answer: cilia and flagella, microtubules, microfilaments
(actin in muscles) and pseudopodia
◉ Exchanges with the environment. Answer: plasma membrane and
vesicles
◉ Cell to cell connections. Answer: tight junctions, desmosomes, gap
junctions, plasmodesma
◉ Plant cell inter-cell communication. Answer: plasmodesma
◉ photosynthesis. Answer: chloroplast
◉ membrane cavity of metabolic waste. Answer: vacuole
