FLS MODULES FINAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Laproscopic instruments diameter and length ranges. Answer: 2-
10mm, 30-45cm
◉ hopkins rod lens. Answer: light has to travel back through the rod to
capture the image.
◉ decreasing light in the camera for.... Answer: decreasing diameter,
increasing scope angle (ie 5mm and 30 degree has less light than 10mm
0 degree)
◉ When is zero degree scope most useful. Answer: when working in a
small area directly in line with the scope and ports, like the pelvis
◉ how to check fiber optics light connection. Answer: black dots=
broken fibers
◉ why does it fog up?. Answer: temperature and humidity discrepancy
between the OR and body
,◉ tools for defogging. Answer: - FRED antifog (must dry before putting
back in)
- put laparoscope in hot water
◉ methods to clean a smudged lens. Answer: - gently wipe on clean
tissue (liver, uterus, bowel)
- remove scope and clean with hot water and gauze
◉ Insufflation gas type and reasoning. Answer: CO2- readily available,
inexpensive, non combustable, warmed and humidified better
◉ other gasses used in laparoscopy. Answer: -nitrous oxide
-helium (inert substance)
◉ why is the CO2 warmed and humidified for laparoscopy?. Answer:
statistically significant decreases in body temp and post-op pain
(not significant with surgery lasting <90 mins)
◉ high flow insufflation. Answer: 10 or more L per minute
◉ preventing loss of pneumo with suctioning. Answer: keep suction tip
below the fluid level
,◉ components of the video tower. Answer: -light source
-camera control unit
-video monitor
-insufflator
◉ most common light source. Answer: 300W xenon lamp
◉ troubleshooting steps: gas preOP. Answer: 1. check that co2 tank is
full (gauge may read 'empty' if connected to central CO2 supply)
2. check co2 tank gasket is secured (need a wrench, spare gasket)
3. check that spare co2 tank is available in the OR
◉ troubleshooting steps: image. Answer: 1. check that the monitor is
plugged in and turned on
2. check that all cables are connected correctly and securely
◉ troubleshooting steps: view of operative field is reduced in size.
Answer: immediately check the insufflator control panel to determine
cause
◉ troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator settings:
-measured pressure is the same or higher than the preset pressure
, flow rate = 0. Answer: 1. the patient may not be adequately relaxed or
there is a mechanical block of gas flow
2. inspect abdomen for rhythmic muscle contraction and palpate the
abdomen for firmness
3. check port valves to make sure they are open
4. check for kinks in tubing and make sure no one is standing on them
◉ troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator settings:
-low pressure and high flow rate
flow rate = high. Answer: 1. there is a leak in the insufflation circuit
2. check that the tubing has not become disconnected from insufflator or
port
3. check that all valves are closed
4. check all port sites for leaking co2
5. check for foley catheter bag distention or bowel distention
◉ troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator settings:
-low pressure and no flow
flow rate = 0. Answer: 1. make sure that the insufflator power is on
2. check gas level in the tank
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Laproscopic instruments diameter and length ranges. Answer: 2-
10mm, 30-45cm
◉ hopkins rod lens. Answer: light has to travel back through the rod to
capture the image.
◉ decreasing light in the camera for.... Answer: decreasing diameter,
increasing scope angle (ie 5mm and 30 degree has less light than 10mm
0 degree)
◉ When is zero degree scope most useful. Answer: when working in a
small area directly in line with the scope and ports, like the pelvis
◉ how to check fiber optics light connection. Answer: black dots=
broken fibers
◉ why does it fog up?. Answer: temperature and humidity discrepancy
between the OR and body
,◉ tools for defogging. Answer: - FRED antifog (must dry before putting
back in)
- put laparoscope in hot water
◉ methods to clean a smudged lens. Answer: - gently wipe on clean
tissue (liver, uterus, bowel)
- remove scope and clean with hot water and gauze
◉ Insufflation gas type and reasoning. Answer: CO2- readily available,
inexpensive, non combustable, warmed and humidified better
◉ other gasses used in laparoscopy. Answer: -nitrous oxide
-helium (inert substance)
◉ why is the CO2 warmed and humidified for laparoscopy?. Answer:
statistically significant decreases in body temp and post-op pain
(not significant with surgery lasting <90 mins)
◉ high flow insufflation. Answer: 10 or more L per minute
◉ preventing loss of pneumo with suctioning. Answer: keep suction tip
below the fluid level
,◉ components of the video tower. Answer: -light source
-camera control unit
-video monitor
-insufflator
◉ most common light source. Answer: 300W xenon lamp
◉ troubleshooting steps: gas preOP. Answer: 1. check that co2 tank is
full (gauge may read 'empty' if connected to central CO2 supply)
2. check co2 tank gasket is secured (need a wrench, spare gasket)
3. check that spare co2 tank is available in the OR
◉ troubleshooting steps: image. Answer: 1. check that the monitor is
plugged in and turned on
2. check that all cables are connected correctly and securely
◉ troubleshooting steps: view of operative field is reduced in size.
Answer: immediately check the insufflator control panel to determine
cause
◉ troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator settings:
-measured pressure is the same or higher than the preset pressure
, flow rate = 0. Answer: 1. the patient may not be adequately relaxed or
there is a mechanical block of gas flow
2. inspect abdomen for rhythmic muscle contraction and palpate the
abdomen for firmness
3. check port valves to make sure they are open
4. check for kinks in tubing and make sure no one is standing on them
◉ troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator settings:
-low pressure and high flow rate
flow rate = high. Answer: 1. there is a leak in the insufflation circuit
2. check that the tubing has not become disconnected from insufflator or
port
3. check that all valves are closed
4. check all port sites for leaking co2
5. check for foley catheter bag distention or bowel distention
◉ troubleshooting steps: loss of working space: insufflator settings:
-low pressure and no flow
flow rate = 0. Answer: 1. make sure that the insufflator power is on
2. check gas level in the tank
