COMPUTER APPLICATIONS II STUDY
GUIDE-TABLES, DIAGRAMS AND
EXAMPLES-PERFECT FOR EXAMS
STUDY NOTES
By:Omniversehub
Contents
CHAPTER 1: FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................ 5
Fundamentals of accounting ..................................................................................................................... 5
Definition of accounting ..................................................................................................................... 5
Basic Accounting Principles ................................................................................................................. 5
Elements of Accounting ...................................................................................................................... 5
Accounting Equation ........................................................................................................................... 6
Double Entry Accounting System ........................................................................................................ 7
The Accounting Cycle .............................................................................................................................. 7
Bookkeeping vs Accounting .................................................................................................................... 7
Bookkeeping and Transaction Entry system ............................................................................................ 8
Single-entry system ............................................................................................................................. 9
Double-entry system ........................................................................................................................... 9
Ledgers .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Recording Transactions ......................................................................................................................... 13
Accounting application program – QuickBooks .................................................................................... 23
Understanding QuickBooks Lists ....................................................................................................... 23
Transactions in QuickBooks .............................................................................................................. 34
Page 1 of 131
, Reporting on Lists ............................................................................................................................. 38
CHAPTER 2: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) ........................................................................... 40
Fundamental of technical drawing ....................................................................................................... 40
Meaning and importance of computer-aided design ........................................................................... 42
AutoCAD ............................................................................................................................................... 44
Career and application Information of AutoCAD .............................................................................. 44
Advantages of a CAD system ............................................................................................................. 45
Features of a CAD system ................................................................................................................. 45
Typical screen layout of a CAD system............................................................................................... 49
AutoCAD's Cartesian Workspace ...................................................................................................... 50
AutoCAD configuration- Units and Scales ......................................................................................... 52
Basic AutoCAD Commands................................................................................................................ 56
Projection .......................................................................................................................................... 70
CHAPTER 3: GEOGRAPHYCAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) ............................................... 75
Page 2 of 129
What is GIS – Definition? .................................................................................................................. 75
History of GIS: ................................................................................................................................... 76
Component of GIS: ............................................................................................................................ 77
Area of GIS Applications .................................................................................................................... 77
GIS Data Models ............................................................................................................................... 78
GIS Data Types .................................................................................................................................. 78
Sources of Data ................................................................................................................................. 88
Data Input Techniques ...................................................................................................................... 90
CHAPTER 4: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ................................................................................... 95
What is Artificial Intelligence? .............................................................................................................. 95
Goals of AI ............................................................................................................................................. 95
Benefits and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence .................................................................................. 95
Pros of Artificial Intelligence: ................................................................................................................ 95
The Cons of Artificial Intelligence ......................................................................................................... 96
What Contributes to AI? ....................................................................................................................... 97
Applications of AI .................................................................................................................................. 98
History of AI........................................................................................................................................... 99
AI - Intelligent Systems........................................................................................................................ 100
, Meaning of Intelligence .................................................................................................................. 100
Types of Intelligence ....................................................................................................................... 100
Composition of Intelligence ............................................................................................................ 101
Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence .................................................................. 102
AI – Category Research Areas ............................................................................................................. 103
Neural Networks ............................................................................................................................. 103
Robotics........................................................................................................................................... 105
Fuzzy Logic Systems ........................................................................................................................ 106
AI - Natural Language Processing .................................................................................................... 110
Expert Systems ................................................................................................................................ 113
Speech and Voice Recognition ............................................................................................................ 119
Task Classification of AI ....................................................................................................................... 120
AI - Agents & Environments ................................................................................................................ 122
Nature of Environments ...................................................................................................................... 126
Page 4 of 129
CHAPTER 1: FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS
Fundamentals of accounting
Definition of accounting
It is a systematic process of identifying, recording, measuring, classifying, verifying, summarizing,
interpreting and communicating financial information. It reveals profit or loss for a given period, and the
value and nature of a firm's assets, liabilities and owners' equity. Accounting provides information on
the.
Basic Accounting Principles
Accounting assumptions and principles provide the bases in preparing, presenting and
interpreting general-purpose financial statements.
The basic principles that accountants follow include:
1. Accrual – Income is recognized when earned regardless of when collected, and expenses are
recognized when incurred regardless of when paid.
2. Going Concern – Also known as continuing concern concept or continuity assumption, it means
that a business entity will continue to operate indefinitely.
3. Accounting Entity Concept – A specific business enterprise is treated as one accounting entity,
separate and distinct from its owners.
4. Time Period Assumption – The indefinite life of an enterprise is subdivided into time periods or
accounting periods which are usually of equal length for the purpose of preparing financial
reports.
5. Monetary Unit Assumption – Transactions are recorded in terms of money (quantifiability). The
currency used has a stable purchasing power (stability).
Page 3 of 131
, Elements of Accounting
The elements of accounting pertain to assets, liabilities, and capital. Assets are resources owned
by a company; liabilities are obligations to creditors and lenders; and capital refers to the interest
of the owners in the business after deducting all liabilities from all assets (or, what is left for the
owners after all company obligations are paid).
Assets: Assets can be classified as current or non-current. An asset is considered current if it is for sale,
if it can be realized within 12 month from the end of the accounting period or within the company's
normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months. In addition, cash is generally considered current asset.
Current assets include: Cash and Cash Equivalents, Marketable Securities, Accounts Receivable,
Inventories, and Prepaid Expenses. Assets that do not meet the criteria to be classified as current
are, by default, non-current assets. Examples of non-current assets are: Long-term Investments;
Property, Plant and Equipment; and Intangibles.
GUIDE-TABLES, DIAGRAMS AND
EXAMPLES-PERFECT FOR EXAMS
STUDY NOTES
By:Omniversehub
Contents
CHAPTER 1: FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................ 5
Fundamentals of accounting ..................................................................................................................... 5
Definition of accounting ..................................................................................................................... 5
Basic Accounting Principles ................................................................................................................. 5
Elements of Accounting ...................................................................................................................... 5
Accounting Equation ........................................................................................................................... 6
Double Entry Accounting System ........................................................................................................ 7
The Accounting Cycle .............................................................................................................................. 7
Bookkeeping vs Accounting .................................................................................................................... 7
Bookkeeping and Transaction Entry system ............................................................................................ 8
Single-entry system ............................................................................................................................. 9
Double-entry system ........................................................................................................................... 9
Ledgers .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Recording Transactions ......................................................................................................................... 13
Accounting application program – QuickBooks .................................................................................... 23
Understanding QuickBooks Lists ....................................................................................................... 23
Transactions in QuickBooks .............................................................................................................. 34
Page 1 of 131
, Reporting on Lists ............................................................................................................................. 38
CHAPTER 2: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) ........................................................................... 40
Fundamental of technical drawing ....................................................................................................... 40
Meaning and importance of computer-aided design ........................................................................... 42
AutoCAD ............................................................................................................................................... 44
Career and application Information of AutoCAD .............................................................................. 44
Advantages of a CAD system ............................................................................................................. 45
Features of a CAD system ................................................................................................................. 45
Typical screen layout of a CAD system............................................................................................... 49
AutoCAD's Cartesian Workspace ...................................................................................................... 50
AutoCAD configuration- Units and Scales ......................................................................................... 52
Basic AutoCAD Commands................................................................................................................ 56
Projection .......................................................................................................................................... 70
CHAPTER 3: GEOGRAPHYCAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) ............................................... 75
Page 2 of 129
What is GIS – Definition? .................................................................................................................. 75
History of GIS: ................................................................................................................................... 76
Component of GIS: ............................................................................................................................ 77
Area of GIS Applications .................................................................................................................... 77
GIS Data Models ............................................................................................................................... 78
GIS Data Types .................................................................................................................................. 78
Sources of Data ................................................................................................................................. 88
Data Input Techniques ...................................................................................................................... 90
CHAPTER 4: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ................................................................................... 95
What is Artificial Intelligence? .............................................................................................................. 95
Goals of AI ............................................................................................................................................. 95
Benefits and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence .................................................................................. 95
Pros of Artificial Intelligence: ................................................................................................................ 95
The Cons of Artificial Intelligence ......................................................................................................... 96
What Contributes to AI? ....................................................................................................................... 97
Applications of AI .................................................................................................................................. 98
History of AI........................................................................................................................................... 99
AI - Intelligent Systems........................................................................................................................ 100
, Meaning of Intelligence .................................................................................................................. 100
Types of Intelligence ....................................................................................................................... 100
Composition of Intelligence ............................................................................................................ 101
Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence .................................................................. 102
AI – Category Research Areas ............................................................................................................. 103
Neural Networks ............................................................................................................................. 103
Robotics........................................................................................................................................... 105
Fuzzy Logic Systems ........................................................................................................................ 106
AI - Natural Language Processing .................................................................................................... 110
Expert Systems ................................................................................................................................ 113
Speech and Voice Recognition ............................................................................................................ 119
Task Classification of AI ....................................................................................................................... 120
AI - Agents & Environments ................................................................................................................ 122
Nature of Environments ...................................................................................................................... 126
Page 4 of 129
CHAPTER 1: FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS
Fundamentals of accounting
Definition of accounting
It is a systematic process of identifying, recording, measuring, classifying, verifying, summarizing,
interpreting and communicating financial information. It reveals profit or loss for a given period, and the
value and nature of a firm's assets, liabilities and owners' equity. Accounting provides information on
the.
Basic Accounting Principles
Accounting assumptions and principles provide the bases in preparing, presenting and
interpreting general-purpose financial statements.
The basic principles that accountants follow include:
1. Accrual – Income is recognized when earned regardless of when collected, and expenses are
recognized when incurred regardless of when paid.
2. Going Concern – Also known as continuing concern concept or continuity assumption, it means
that a business entity will continue to operate indefinitely.
3. Accounting Entity Concept – A specific business enterprise is treated as one accounting entity,
separate and distinct from its owners.
4. Time Period Assumption – The indefinite life of an enterprise is subdivided into time periods or
accounting periods which are usually of equal length for the purpose of preparing financial
reports.
5. Monetary Unit Assumption – Transactions are recorded in terms of money (quantifiability). The
currency used has a stable purchasing power (stability).
Page 3 of 131
, Elements of Accounting
The elements of accounting pertain to assets, liabilities, and capital. Assets are resources owned
by a company; liabilities are obligations to creditors and lenders; and capital refers to the interest
of the owners in the business after deducting all liabilities from all assets (or, what is left for the
owners after all company obligations are paid).
Assets: Assets can be classified as current or non-current. An asset is considered current if it is for sale,
if it can be realized within 12 month from the end of the accounting period or within the company's
normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months. In addition, cash is generally considered current asset.
Current assets include: Cash and Cash Equivalents, Marketable Securities, Accounts Receivable,
Inventories, and Prepaid Expenses. Assets that do not meet the criteria to be classified as current
are, by default, non-current assets. Examples of non-current assets are: Long-term Investments;
Property, Plant and Equipment; and Intangibles.
