SLHS 4512 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Developmental stuttering - ANS begins in childhood with no known cause
Acquired (neurogenic) stuttering - ANS results from brain trauma, disease, meds (LDOPA can
lead to this)
psychogenic stuttering - ANS results from emotional or psychological trauma
Cluttering characteristics - ANS condition where a person speaks quite quickly and unclearly
"squish words together" a lot of normal disfluencies
stuttering - ANS abnormally high frequency and/or duration of stoppages in the forward flow
of speech (but many PWS? Learn to conceal this)
disfluency - ANS repetitions, hesitations, and disruptions in the forward flow of speech
primary/core behaviors of stuttering - ANS Repetitions (sounds/syllables, words, phrases are
repeated); or,or,or,
Prolongations (sound is elongated); prooooooolongation
Blocks (no sound is produced): no air coming out
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, secondary behaviors of stuttering - ANS Eye aversion
Avoidance
Abnormal head or body movements
Circumlocution
fluency enhancing conditions - ANS speaking to a Metrodome, singing or whispering,
speaking in a different voice or accent, choral (saying the same speech in unison with others),
talking when alone or to babies or pets
fluency challenging conditions - ANS speaking on phone, speaking in front of audiences,
saying one's name, speaking in a hurry, speaking to an authority figure
Theories of causation for stuttering: dopamine - ANS dopamine excess Theory of Stuttering,
decreased amount of dopamine in certain regions of the brain, however wasn't proven true
Theories of causation for stuttering: genetic - ANS Knock-in-mice:
Have been genetically produced to vocalize stutters, frequency is changed for normal ear to
receive, but mice have blocks and repetitions in their vocalization that normal mice don't
also twin studies
theories of causation: Diagnostic Theory - ANS "stuttering begins, not in the child's mouth,
but in the parent's ear"
Parents mislabel normal disfluencies as "stuttering" -> makes the child self-conscious -> child
tries to avoid disfluencies -> child tries to avoid disfluencies -> more negative reactions ->
stuttering
Etiology of stuttering - ANS Stuttering arises from complex dynamic interactions between
internal (neurological and cognitive) factors and external conditions
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Developmental stuttering - ANS begins in childhood with no known cause
Acquired (neurogenic) stuttering - ANS results from brain trauma, disease, meds (LDOPA can
lead to this)
psychogenic stuttering - ANS results from emotional or psychological trauma
Cluttering characteristics - ANS condition where a person speaks quite quickly and unclearly
"squish words together" a lot of normal disfluencies
stuttering - ANS abnormally high frequency and/or duration of stoppages in the forward flow
of speech (but many PWS? Learn to conceal this)
disfluency - ANS repetitions, hesitations, and disruptions in the forward flow of speech
primary/core behaviors of stuttering - ANS Repetitions (sounds/syllables, words, phrases are
repeated); or,or,or,
Prolongations (sound is elongated); prooooooolongation
Blocks (no sound is produced): no air coming out
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, secondary behaviors of stuttering - ANS Eye aversion
Avoidance
Abnormal head or body movements
Circumlocution
fluency enhancing conditions - ANS speaking to a Metrodome, singing or whispering,
speaking in a different voice or accent, choral (saying the same speech in unison with others),
talking when alone or to babies or pets
fluency challenging conditions - ANS speaking on phone, speaking in front of audiences,
saying one's name, speaking in a hurry, speaking to an authority figure
Theories of causation for stuttering: dopamine - ANS dopamine excess Theory of Stuttering,
decreased amount of dopamine in certain regions of the brain, however wasn't proven true
Theories of causation for stuttering: genetic - ANS Knock-in-mice:
Have been genetically produced to vocalize stutters, frequency is changed for normal ear to
receive, but mice have blocks and repetitions in their vocalization that normal mice don't
also twin studies
theories of causation: Diagnostic Theory - ANS "stuttering begins, not in the child's mouth,
but in the parent's ear"
Parents mislabel normal disfluencies as "stuttering" -> makes the child self-conscious -> child
tries to avoid disfluencies -> child tries to avoid disfluencies -> more negative reactions ->
stuttering
Etiology of stuttering - ANS Stuttering arises from complex dynamic interactions between
internal (neurological and cognitive) factors and external conditions
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
