QTM 100 Final Exam LATEST UPDATE QUESTIONS AND DETAILED SOLUTIONS

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QTM 100 Final Exam LATEST UPDATE 2026-
2027 QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
SOLUTIONS
What is a population in statistics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The set of all subjects of interest in a

research study.




Question: What is a sample in statistics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The subset of the population of

interest on which data is collected.




Question: What is a census - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Sampling the entire population rather than

just a subset.




Question: What are three problems with conducting a census - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔1)

Difficult to locate/measure all individuals 2) Populations constantly change 3) More complex

than sampling.




Question: What is exploratory analysis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Examining a small part of data

to get an idea about the whole.

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Question: What is statistical inference - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Generalizing from a sample to

make conclusions about the entire population.




Question: What does it mean for a sample to be representative - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The

sample accurately reflects the characteristics of the entire population.




Question: What is convenience sampling - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A sampling method where

individuals who are easily accessible are more likely to be included.




Question: What is non-response bias - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔When only a small fraction of

randomly sampled people respond to a survey, potentially making the sample unrepresentative.




Question: What is voluntary response bias - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔When a sample consists of

people who volunteer to respond because they have strong opinions on the issue.

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Question: Why does sample size alone not guarantee accuracy - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔If the

sample is biased, even a large sample size will not yield accurate predictions.




Question: What are numerical variables - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Variables that take on

numerical values where arithmetic operations make sense.




Question: What are categorical variables - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Variables that take on values

that are categories or labels.




Question: What are continuous numerical variables - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Numerical

variables that can take on an infinite number of values within a range.




Question: What are discrete numerical variables - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Numerical variables

that can only take on specific, countable values.




Question: What are ordinal categorical variables - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Categorical variables

where the categories have a natural ordering.

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Question: What does it mean when two variables are associated - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔The

variables show some connection with one another; they are dependent.




Question: What does it mean when two variables are independent - CORRECT

ANSWER✔✔There is no evident connection between the two variables.




Question: What is an observational study - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A study where researchers

collect data without directly interfering with how the data arise.




Question: What can observational studies establish - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔An association

between explanatory and response variables, but not causation.




Question: What is simple random sampling - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Randomly selecting cases

from the population where there is no implied connection between selected points.