WGU D236 PATHO STUDY GUIDE EXAM 269
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025/2026
Oncotic - CORRECT ANSWER Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream?
a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins - CORRECT ANSWER Oncotic
albumin - CORRECT ANSWER In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma
protein and is, therefore, a primary determinant of oncotic pressure
Albumin - CORRECT ANSWER _____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system,
builds volume
Possible answer: naive T cells - CORRECT ANSWER One question was about the
difference in children and adult immunity
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which
means that they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune
response is relatively weak compared to a secondary response mediated by
memory cells.
,Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients.
When these patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T
cells gives clonal selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be
effective. - CORRECT ANSWER Learning check question: Which differences in
immunity make children and older adult patients more susceptible to infections?
Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells
osmoreceptors - CORRECT ANSWER Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by
_______, which regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
-Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both - CORRECT ANSWER Fluid deficit causes
-Vomiting/diarrhea
,-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake - CORRECT ANSWER Fluid deficit risk factors
-dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion - CORRECT ANSWER Fluid deficit manifestations
Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are
causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature - CORRECT
ANSWER ROME for ABGs
7.35-7.45 - CORRECT ANSWER Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory
compensation help to maintain a blood pH of _______
Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction).
This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory
system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining
, more CO2 - CORRECT ANSWER A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting
has an elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What
condition does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system - CORRECT
ANSWER To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body
utilizes 3 buffer systems:
respirations; kidneys - CORRECT ANSWER Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first
line of defense is _____, second line of defense is _____
The equation moves in both directions - CORRECT ANSWER Carbonic acid-
bicarbonate system equation
toward the right - CORRECT ANSWER CABS Equation:
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more H+
and HCO3- ions
toward the left - CORRECT ANSWER CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are converted
to CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled.
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025/2026
Oncotic - CORRECT ANSWER Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream?
a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins - CORRECT ANSWER Oncotic
albumin - CORRECT ANSWER In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma
protein and is, therefore, a primary determinant of oncotic pressure
Albumin - CORRECT ANSWER _____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system,
builds volume
Possible answer: naive T cells - CORRECT ANSWER One question was about the
difference in children and adult immunity
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which
means that they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune
response is relatively weak compared to a secondary response mediated by
memory cells.
,Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients.
When these patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T
cells gives clonal selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be
effective. - CORRECT ANSWER Learning check question: Which differences in
immunity make children and older adult patients more susceptible to infections?
Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells
osmoreceptors - CORRECT ANSWER Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by
_______, which regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
-Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both - CORRECT ANSWER Fluid deficit causes
-Vomiting/diarrhea
,-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake - CORRECT ANSWER Fluid deficit risk factors
-dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion - CORRECT ANSWER Fluid deficit manifestations
Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are
causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature - CORRECT
ANSWER ROME for ABGs
7.35-7.45 - CORRECT ANSWER Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory
compensation help to maintain a blood pH of _______
Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction).
This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory
system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining
, more CO2 - CORRECT ANSWER A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting
has an elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What
condition does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system - CORRECT
ANSWER To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body
utilizes 3 buffer systems:
respirations; kidneys - CORRECT ANSWER Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first
line of defense is _____, second line of defense is _____
The equation moves in both directions - CORRECT ANSWER Carbonic acid-
bicarbonate system equation
toward the right - CORRECT ANSWER CABS Equation:
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more H+
and HCO3- ions
toward the left - CORRECT ANSWER CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are converted
to CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled.
