Nagelhout Pharm 2 (NAP8266) | 100 Exam Questions on Local Anesthetics, LAST, Autonomic Pharmacology & MOA

This document contains 100 verified exam questions with 100% correct answers, specifically prepared for Test 2 of Pharmacology II (NAP8266), based on Nagelhout’s 2026 anesthesia pharmacology curriculum. It is a focused and high-yield resource covering both the molecular and clinical aspects of local anesthetics, systemic toxicity (LAST), and autonomic nervous system pharmacology. Topics covered include: Local anesthetics: ester vs. amide classification, metabolism, duration of action, ionization, protein binding, onset, and dose limits for agents like lidocaine, ropivacaine, bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, tetracaine, and cocaine Mechanism of action (MOA): sodium channel blockade, ionized vs. non-ionized forms, benzocaine exception, and target site of action Toxicity and LAST: symptoms (CNS and cardiovascular), ion trapping, seizure risk, cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine, and emergency treatment protocols including lipid emulsion therapy and modified ACLS Adjuvants: clinical effects of epinephrine, sodium bicarbonate, and CO₂ on onset, duration, and toxicity of local anesthetics Autonomic pharmacology: detailed receptor-level mechanisms of major drugs (e.g., albuterol, clonidine, metoprolol, dobutamine, phenylephrine, dexmedetomidine, cocaine, amphetamines), neurotransmitters (ACh, norepinephrine), and enzyme systems (COMT, MAO, PDEs) Concepts like cycloplegia, sympathetic/parasympathetic pathways, autoreceptors, and catecholamine synthesis and breakdown This document is perfect for: CRNA students preparing for mid-semester tests or national boards PharmD students studying anesthetic, cardiovascular, or autonomic pharmacology Medical students with a focus in anesthesiology or intensive care APRN students in advanced pharmacology courses With accurate answers and exam-style phrasing, this document serves as a reliable and efficient study tool for mastering high-stakes pharmacology topics. Keywords: Nagelhout, pharmacology, local anesthetics, lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, LAST, lipid rescue, sodium channel blockade, adrenergic, muscarinic, sympathetic, autonomic drugs, ACLS, catecholamines, epinephrine, CRNA, anesthesia, APRN, exam questions, board prep