BI 122 EXAM 4 - GRCC LATEST
FORBES
Vestibule - ANSWERS-Entrance to the vagina.
Components of the Vestibule - ANSWERS-1. Urethra
2. Vestibular Glands
Vestibular Glands - ANSWERS-Homologous to bulbourethral glands.
Function of the Mammary Glands - ANSWERS-Produce milk.
Components of Mammary Glands - ANSWERS-1. Lobes
2. Alveolar/Lactiferous Glands
3. Lactiferous Ducts
4. Lactiferous Sinus (Ampulla)
5. Nipple
6. Areola
7. Suspensory Ligaments
END OF
PAGE
1
, BI 122 EXAM 4 - GRCC LATEST
FORBES
Note: 1-4 are only well developed in nursing and last trimester females.
Breast may double in size at this point.
Function of the Alveolar/Lactiferous Glands - ANSWERS-Milk
production
Function of the Lactiferous Ducts - ANSWERS-Collect and transport
milk
Function of the Lactiferous Sinus (Ampulla) - ANSWERS-Collects milk
during active nursing
Function of the Nipple - ANSWERS-Discharge of milk, sucking,
sensory
Function of the Areola - ANSWERS-Dischage sebum to protect the
nipple, erectile tissue during arousal (and cold)
Function of the Suspensory Ligaments - ANSWERS-Support and attach
breast to pectorals major fascia and overlying dermis
END OF
PAGE
2
, BI 122 EXAM 4 - GRCC LATEST
FORBES
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
What happens to suspensory ligaments in the breasts as they enlarge
because of weight gain? - ANSWERS-As breasts enlarge due to weight
gain or lactation, suspensory ligaments stretch causing sagging of the
breasts. Their recoil ability is a function of age and duration of stretching
period.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Breast Cancer - ANSWERS-Breast cancer results from epithelial cells of
the lactiferous ducts/lobes.
1 of 8 (12.5%) of U.S. women will develop.
Leading cause of death in women from 35-45 years.
Occurs in men also.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
What are the risk factors of breast cancer? - ANSWERS-1. Genetics (5-
10%)
2. Early menarche, last menopause
3. First pregnancy after 30 years old
END OF
PAGE
3
, BI 122 EXAM 4 - GRCC LATEST
FORBES
4. Smoking
5. Alcohol
6. High fat diet
7. Increased number of x-rays
What are "Dense Breasts"? - ANSWERS-Breasts with numerous
lactiferous glands and collagen fibers that block x-rays used in
mammograms.
Function of Estrogen (placental) - ANSWERS-Develop lactiferous ducts
and breast fat
Function of Progesterone (placental) - ANSWERS-Develop
alveolar/lactiferous glands
Function of Lactogen (placental) - ANSWERS-Increase breast
development and inhibit action of prolactin.
Function of Prolactin (anterior pituitary) - ANSWERS-Production of
milk and inhibit gonadotropin secretion (resulting in no menstruation)
END OF
PAGE
4
FORBES
Vestibule - ANSWERS-Entrance to the vagina.
Components of the Vestibule - ANSWERS-1. Urethra
2. Vestibular Glands
Vestibular Glands - ANSWERS-Homologous to bulbourethral glands.
Function of the Mammary Glands - ANSWERS-Produce milk.
Components of Mammary Glands - ANSWERS-1. Lobes
2. Alveolar/Lactiferous Glands
3. Lactiferous Ducts
4. Lactiferous Sinus (Ampulla)
5. Nipple
6. Areola
7. Suspensory Ligaments
END OF
PAGE
1
, BI 122 EXAM 4 - GRCC LATEST
FORBES
Note: 1-4 are only well developed in nursing and last trimester females.
Breast may double in size at this point.
Function of the Alveolar/Lactiferous Glands - ANSWERS-Milk
production
Function of the Lactiferous Ducts - ANSWERS-Collect and transport
milk
Function of the Lactiferous Sinus (Ampulla) - ANSWERS-Collects milk
during active nursing
Function of the Nipple - ANSWERS-Discharge of milk, sucking,
sensory
Function of the Areola - ANSWERS-Dischage sebum to protect the
nipple, erectile tissue during arousal (and cold)
Function of the Suspensory Ligaments - ANSWERS-Support and attach
breast to pectorals major fascia and overlying dermis
END OF
PAGE
2
, BI 122 EXAM 4 - GRCC LATEST
FORBES
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
What happens to suspensory ligaments in the breasts as they enlarge
because of weight gain? - ANSWERS-As breasts enlarge due to weight
gain or lactation, suspensory ligaments stretch causing sagging of the
breasts. Their recoil ability is a function of age and duration of stretching
period.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Breast Cancer - ANSWERS-Breast cancer results from epithelial cells of
the lactiferous ducts/lobes.
1 of 8 (12.5%) of U.S. women will develop.
Leading cause of death in women from 35-45 years.
Occurs in men also.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
What are the risk factors of breast cancer? - ANSWERS-1. Genetics (5-
10%)
2. Early menarche, last menopause
3. First pregnancy after 30 years old
END OF
PAGE
3
, BI 122 EXAM 4 - GRCC LATEST
FORBES
4. Smoking
5. Alcohol
6. High fat diet
7. Increased number of x-rays
What are "Dense Breasts"? - ANSWERS-Breasts with numerous
lactiferous glands and collagen fibers that block x-rays used in
mammograms.
Function of Estrogen (placental) - ANSWERS-Develop lactiferous ducts
and breast fat
Function of Progesterone (placental) - ANSWERS-Develop
alveolar/lactiferous glands
Function of Lactogen (placental) - ANSWERS-Increase breast
development and inhibit action of prolactin.
Function of Prolactin (anterior pituitary) - ANSWERS-Production of
milk and inhibit gonadotropin secretion (resulting in no menstruation)
END OF
PAGE
4
