PP PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE
TEST.BANK
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
metabolic absorption.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 2
2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome
ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA,
most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which
regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a cell’s genetic information.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 2
3. Which icomponent iof ithe icell iprodNuU
ceRsSIhNyGdTroBg.CenOM
peroxide i(H2O2) iby iusing ioxygen ito
remove ihydrogen iatoms ifrom ispecific isubstrates iin ian ioxidative ireaction?
i
a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d. i Oxyhydrosomes
ANS: iB
Peroxisomes iare iso inamed ibecause ithey iusually icontain ienzymes ithat iuse ioxygen ito
iremove ihydrogen iatoms ifrom ispecific isubstrates iin ian ioxidative ireaction ithat iproduces
iH2 O2, iwhich iis ia ipowerful ioxidant iand ipotentially idestructive iif iit iaccumulates ior iescapes
ifrom iperoxisomes. iRibosomes iare iRNA-protein icomplexes i(nucleoproteins) ithat iare
isynthesized iin ithe inucleolus iand isecreted iinto ithe icytoplasm ithrough ipores iin ithe inuclear
ienvelope icalled inuclear i pore icomplexes. iLysosomes iare isaclike istructures ithat ioriginate
ifrom ithe iGolgi icomplex iand icontain imore ithan i40 idigestive ienzymes icalled ihydrolases,
iwhich icatalyze ibonds iin iproteins, ilipids, inucleic iacids, iand icarbohydrates. iOxyhydrosomes
iare iinvolved iin ienzyme iproduction.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i8
4. Which icell icomponent iis icapable iof icellular iautodigestion iwhen iit iis ireleased iduringicell
injury?
i
a. Ribosome c. Smooth iendoplasmic ireticulum
b. Golgi icomplex d. i Lysosomes
ANS: iD
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,PP
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE
TEST.BANK
The ilysosomal imembrane iacts ias ia iprotective ishield ibetween ithe ipowerful idigestive
ienzymes iwithin ithe ilysosome iand ithe icytoplasm, ipreventing itheir ileakage iinto ithe
icytoplasmic imatrix. iDisruption iof ithe imembrane iby ivarious itreatments ior icellular iinjury
ileads ito ia irelease iof ithe ilysosomal ienzymes, iwhich ican ithen ireact iwith itheir ispecific
isubstrates, icausing icellular i self-digestion. iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis
iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPages i7-8
5. What iis ithe isequence iof isteps iin ithe idevelopment iof ia idigestive ienzyme iby ithe ipancreas
cells ifrom ithe iinitial itranscription ito ithe irelease ifrom ithe icell?
i
a. The ienzyme iis itranscribed ifrom iDNA iby iRNA iin ithe inucleus, iproceeds ito ithe
ribosome ifor isynthesis, iand iis itransported iin ia isecretory ivesicle ito ithe icell
i
membrane.
i
b. The ienzyme iis itranscribed ifrom iRNA iby iDNA iin ithe inucleus, iproceeds ito ithe
ilysosome ifor isynthesis, iand iis itransported iin ian iencapsulated imembrane ito ithe icell
imembrane.
c. The ienzyme iis itranscribed iby ithe imitochondria iin ithe inucleus, iproceeds ito ithe
iribosome ifor isynthesis, iand iis itransported iin ia icytoskeleton ito ithe icell imembrane.
d. The ienzyme iis itranscribed ifrom iDNA iby iRNA iin ithe inucleus, iproceeds ito ithe
iGolgi icomplex ifor isynthesis, iand iis itransported iin ia icytosol ito ithe icellimembrane.
ANS: iA
The ienzyme iis itranscribed ifrom iDNA iby iRNA iin ithe inucleus, iproceeds ito ithe iribosome
ifor isynthesis, iand iis itransported iin ia isecretory ivesicle ito ithe icell imembrane. iThe iother
ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
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PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i7 i| iFigure i1-5
6. During iwhich iphase iof ithe icell icycle iis iDNA isynthesized?
a. G1 c. G2
b. S d. i i i M
ANS: iB
The ifour idesignated iphases iof ithe icell icycle iare: i(1) ithe iG1 iphase i(G i= igap), iwhich iis ithe
iperiod ibetween ithe iM iphase i(M i= imitosis) iand ithe istart iof iDNA isynthesis; i(2) ithe iS iphase
i(S i= isynthesis), iduring iwhich iDNA iis isynthesized iin ithe icell inucleus; i(3) ithe iG2 iphase,
iduring iwhich iRNA iand iprotein isynthesis ioccurs, ithe iperiod ibetween ithe icompletion iof
iDNA isynthesis iand ithe inext iphase i(M); iand i(4) ithe iM iphase, iwhich iincludes inuclear iand
icytoplasmic idivision.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i37
7. What iorganic icompound ifacilitates itransportation iacross icell imembranes iby iacting ias
receptors, itransport ichannels ifor ielectrolytes, iand ienzymes ito idrive iactive ipumps?
i
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. i Carbohydrates
ANS: iC
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE
TEST.BANK
Proteins iact ias i(1) irecognition iand ibinding iunits i(receptors) ifor isubstances imoving iin iand
iout iof ithe icell; i(2) ipores ior itransport ichannels ifor ivarious ielectrically icharged iparticles
icalled iions i or ielectrolytes i and ispecific icarriers ifor iamino iacids iand imonosaccharides; iand
(3) ispecific ienzymes ithat idrive iactive ipumps ithat ipromote ithe iconcentration iof icertain
+
iions, iparticularly ipotassium i(K ), iwithin ithe icell iwhile ikeeping iconcentrations iof iother
+
iions, ifor iexample, isodium i(Na ), ibelow ithe iconcentrations ifound iin ithe iextracellular
ienvironment. iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i13 i| iPage i15
8. Understanding ithe ivarious isteps iof iproteolytic icascades, isuch ias icaspase-mediated
iapoptosis iand icomplement icascades, imay ibe iuseful iin idesigning idrug itherapy ifor iwhich
ihuman idiseases?
a. Cardiac iand ivascular idisorders
b. Autoimmune iand imalignant idisorders
c. Gastrointestinal iand irenal idisorders
d. Endocrine iand igastrointestinal idisorders
ANS: iB
Understanding ithe ivarious isteps iinvolved iin ithis iprocess iis icrucial ifor idesigning idrug
iinterventions. iDysregulation iof iproteases ifeatures iprominently iin imany ihuman idiseases,
iincluding icancer, iautoimmunity, iand ineurodegenerative idisorders. iThe iother ioptions ido
inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: i i iPage i15
9. Which istructure iprevents iwater-soluble imolecules ifrom ientering icells iacross ithe iplasma
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membrane?
a. Carbohydrate ichains c. Membrane ichannel iproteins
b. Glycoprotein ichannels d. iLipidibilayer
ANS: iD
The ibilayer’s istructure iaccounts ifor ione iof ithe iessential ifunctions iof ithe iplasma
imembrane. iIt iis iimpermeable ito imost iwater-soluble imolecules i(molecules ithat idissolve iin
iwater) ibecause ithe iwater-soluble imolecules iare iinsoluble iin ithe ioily icore iregion. iThe
ibilayer iserves ias ia ibarrier ito ithe idiffusion iof iwater iand ihydrophilic isubstances iwhile
iallowing ilipid-soluble imolecules, isuch ias ioxygen i(O2) iand icarbon idioxide i(CO2), ito
idiffuse ithrough iit ireadily. iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPages i12-13
10. The ifluid imosaic imodel iexplains:
a. How ia icell imembrane ifunctions
b. Why iour ibodies iappear ito ibe isolid
c. How itissue iis idifferentiated
d. How ifluid imoves ibetween ithe iintracellular iand iextracellular icompartments
ANS: iA
The ifluid imosaic imodel iaccounts ifor ithe iflexibility iof icellular imembranes, itheir
self-sealing iproperties, iand itheir iimpermeability ito imany isubstances. iThe iremaining
ioptions ido inot iexplain ithe imosaic imodel.
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE
TEST.BANK
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i12 i| iWhat's iNew ibox
11. Which iform iof icell icommunication iis iused ito icommunicate iwithin ithe icell iitself iand iwith
other icells iin idirect iphysical icontact?
i
a. Protein ichannel i(gap ijunction)
b. Plasma imembrane–bound isignaling imolecules i(involving ireceptors)
c. Hormone isecretion isuch ias ineurotransmitters
d. Extracellular ichemical imessengers isuch ias iligands
ANS: iA
Cells icommunicate iby iusing ihundreds iof ikinds iof isignal imolecules, ifor iexample, iinsulin.
iCells icommunicate iin ithree imain iways; ithey idisplay iplasma imembrane–bound isignaling
imolecules i(receptors) ithat iaffect ithe icell iitself iand iother icells iin idirect iphysical icontact.
iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i20
12. Which imode iof ichemical isignaling iuses iblood ito itransport icommunication ito icellsisome
distance iaway?
i
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. i Hormonal
ANS: iD
Chemical isignaling ican ibe iclassified iinto ithree icategories: i(1) ilocal-chemical imediator, i(2)
ihormone, iand i(3) ineurotransmitter. iIn ithe ilocal-chemical imediator imodel, ithe isecreted
ichemical iacts ion ithe icells iin ithe iimmediate ienvironment. iHormones iare iused ifor
icommunication iwith idistant itarget NcUeRllSsI.NFGoTrBe.xCaOm
Mple, icells ican isecrete ia ichemical iand irely
ion ithe iblood isystem ito ideliver ithe isignal ito ia idistant icell. iFinally, ineurotransmitters iare
isecreted iby ineurons ito istimulate ian iadjoining icell. iFor iexample, ia ineuron imight isecrete
iacetylcholine ito istimulate ithe imovement iof ia imuscle icell.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i20
13. Which imode iof ichemical isignaling iuses ilocal ichemical imediators ithat iare iquicklyitaken
up, idestroyed, ior iimmobilized?
i
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. i Hormone
ANS: iA
In iparacrine isignaling, icells isecrete ilocal ichemical imediators ithat iare iquickly itaken iup,
idestroyed, ior iimmobilized. iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i20
14. Neurotransmitters iaffect ithe ipostsynaptic imembrane iby ibinding ito:
a. Lipids c. Amphipathic ilipids
b. Ribosomes d. i Receptors
ANS: iD
In ieach itype iof ichemical isignaling, ithe itarget icell ireceives ithe isignal iby ifirst iattaching ito
iits ireceptors. iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
NURSINGTB.COM
TEST.BANK
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
metabolic absorption.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 2
2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome
ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA,
most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which
regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a cell’s genetic information.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 2
3. Which icomponent iof ithe icell iprodNuU
ceRsSIhNyGdTroBg.CenOM
peroxide i(H2O2) iby iusing ioxygen ito
remove ihydrogen iatoms ifrom ispecific isubstrates iin ian ioxidative ireaction?
i
a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d. i Oxyhydrosomes
ANS: iB
Peroxisomes iare iso inamed ibecause ithey iusually icontain ienzymes ithat iuse ioxygen ito
iremove ihydrogen iatoms ifrom ispecific isubstrates iin ian ioxidative ireaction ithat iproduces
iH2 O2, iwhich iis ia ipowerful ioxidant iand ipotentially idestructive iif iit iaccumulates ior iescapes
ifrom iperoxisomes. iRibosomes iare iRNA-protein icomplexes i(nucleoproteins) ithat iare
isynthesized iin ithe inucleolus iand isecreted iinto ithe icytoplasm ithrough ipores iin ithe inuclear
ienvelope icalled inuclear i pore icomplexes. iLysosomes iare isaclike istructures ithat ioriginate
ifrom ithe iGolgi icomplex iand icontain imore ithan i40 idigestive ienzymes icalled ihydrolases,
iwhich icatalyze ibonds iin iproteins, ilipids, inucleic iacids, iand icarbohydrates. iOxyhydrosomes
iare iinvolved iin ienzyme iproduction.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i8
4. Which icell icomponent iis icapable iof icellular iautodigestion iwhen iit iis ireleased iduringicell
injury?
i
a. Ribosome c. Smooth iendoplasmic ireticulum
b. Golgi icomplex d. i Lysosomes
ANS: iD
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE
TEST.BANK
The ilysosomal imembrane iacts ias ia iprotective ishield ibetween ithe ipowerful idigestive
ienzymes iwithin ithe ilysosome iand ithe icytoplasm, ipreventing itheir ileakage iinto ithe
icytoplasmic imatrix. iDisruption iof ithe imembrane iby ivarious itreatments ior icellular iinjury
ileads ito ia irelease iof ithe ilysosomal ienzymes, iwhich ican ithen ireact iwith itheir ispecific
isubstrates, icausing icellular i self-digestion. iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis
iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPages i7-8
5. What iis ithe isequence iof isteps iin ithe idevelopment iof ia idigestive ienzyme iby ithe ipancreas
cells ifrom ithe iinitial itranscription ito ithe irelease ifrom ithe icell?
i
a. The ienzyme iis itranscribed ifrom iDNA iby iRNA iin ithe inucleus, iproceeds ito ithe
ribosome ifor isynthesis, iand iis itransported iin ia isecretory ivesicle ito ithe icell
i
membrane.
i
b. The ienzyme iis itranscribed ifrom iRNA iby iDNA iin ithe inucleus, iproceeds ito ithe
ilysosome ifor isynthesis, iand iis itransported iin ian iencapsulated imembrane ito ithe icell
imembrane.
c. The ienzyme iis itranscribed iby ithe imitochondria iin ithe inucleus, iproceeds ito ithe
iribosome ifor isynthesis, iand iis itransported iin ia icytoskeleton ito ithe icell imembrane.
d. The ienzyme iis itranscribed ifrom iDNA iby iRNA iin ithe inucleus, iproceeds ito ithe
iGolgi icomplex ifor isynthesis, iand iis itransported iin ia icytosol ito ithe icellimembrane.
ANS: iA
The ienzyme iis itranscribed ifrom iDNA iby iRNA iin ithe inucleus, iproceeds ito ithe iribosome
ifor isynthesis, iand iis itransported iin ia isecretory ivesicle ito ithe icell imembrane. iThe iother
ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
NURSINGTB.COM
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i7 i| iFigure i1-5
6. During iwhich iphase iof ithe icell icycle iis iDNA isynthesized?
a. G1 c. G2
b. S d. i i i M
ANS: iB
The ifour idesignated iphases iof ithe icell icycle iare: i(1) ithe iG1 iphase i(G i= igap), iwhich iis ithe
iperiod ibetween ithe iM iphase i(M i= imitosis) iand ithe istart iof iDNA isynthesis; i(2) ithe iS iphase
i(S i= isynthesis), iduring iwhich iDNA iis isynthesized iin ithe icell inucleus; i(3) ithe iG2 iphase,
iduring iwhich iRNA iand iprotein isynthesis ioccurs, ithe iperiod ibetween ithe icompletion iof
iDNA isynthesis iand ithe inext iphase i(M); iand i(4) ithe iM iphase, iwhich iincludes inuclear iand
icytoplasmic idivision.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i37
7. What iorganic icompound ifacilitates itransportation iacross icell imembranes iby iacting ias
receptors, itransport ichannels ifor ielectrolytes, iand ienzymes ito idrive iactive ipumps?
i
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. i Carbohydrates
ANS: iC
NURSINGTB.COM
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE
TEST.BANK
Proteins iact ias i(1) irecognition iand ibinding iunits i(receptors) ifor isubstances imoving iin iand
iout iof ithe icell; i(2) ipores ior itransport ichannels ifor ivarious ielectrically icharged iparticles
icalled iions i or ielectrolytes i and ispecific icarriers ifor iamino iacids iand imonosaccharides; iand
(3) ispecific ienzymes ithat idrive iactive ipumps ithat ipromote ithe iconcentration iof icertain
+
iions, iparticularly ipotassium i(K ), iwithin ithe icell iwhile ikeeping iconcentrations iof iother
+
iions, ifor iexample, isodium i(Na ), ibelow ithe iconcentrations ifound iin ithe iextracellular
ienvironment. iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i13 i| iPage i15
8. Understanding ithe ivarious isteps iof iproteolytic icascades, isuch ias icaspase-mediated
iapoptosis iand icomplement icascades, imay ibe iuseful iin idesigning idrug itherapy ifor iwhich
ihuman idiseases?
a. Cardiac iand ivascular idisorders
b. Autoimmune iand imalignant idisorders
c. Gastrointestinal iand irenal idisorders
d. Endocrine iand igastrointestinal idisorders
ANS: iB
Understanding ithe ivarious isteps iinvolved iin ithis iprocess iis icrucial ifor idesigning idrug
iinterventions. iDysregulation iof iproteases ifeatures iprominently iin imany ihuman idiseases,
iincluding icancer, iautoimmunity, iand ineurodegenerative idisorders. iThe iother ioptions ido
inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: i i iPage i15
9. Which istructure iprevents iwater-soluble imolecules ifrom ientering icells iacross ithe iplasma
NURSINGTB.COM
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate ichains c. Membrane ichannel iproteins
b. Glycoprotein ichannels d. iLipidibilayer
ANS: iD
The ibilayer’s istructure iaccounts ifor ione iof ithe iessential ifunctions iof ithe iplasma
imembrane. iIt iis iimpermeable ito imost iwater-soluble imolecules i(molecules ithat idissolve iin
iwater) ibecause ithe iwater-soluble imolecules iare iinsoluble iin ithe ioily icore iregion. iThe
ibilayer iserves ias ia ibarrier ito ithe idiffusion iof iwater iand ihydrophilic isubstances iwhile
iallowing ilipid-soluble imolecules, isuch ias ioxygen i(O2) iand icarbon idioxide i(CO2), ito
idiffuse ithrough iit ireadily. iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPages i12-13
10. The ifluid imosaic imodel iexplains:
a. How ia icell imembrane ifunctions
b. Why iour ibodies iappear ito ibe isolid
c. How itissue iis idifferentiated
d. How ifluid imoves ibetween ithe iintracellular iand iextracellular icompartments
ANS: iA
The ifluid imosaic imodel iaccounts ifor ithe iflexibility iof icellular imembranes, itheir
self-sealing iproperties, iand itheir iimpermeability ito imany isubstances. iThe iremaining
ioptions ido inot iexplain ithe imosaic imodel.
NURSINGTB.COM
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE
TEST.BANK
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i12 i| iWhat's iNew ibox
11. Which iform iof icell icommunication iis iused ito icommunicate iwithin ithe icell iitself iand iwith
other icells iin idirect iphysical icontact?
i
a. Protein ichannel i(gap ijunction)
b. Plasma imembrane–bound isignaling imolecules i(involving ireceptors)
c. Hormone isecretion isuch ias ineurotransmitters
d. Extracellular ichemical imessengers isuch ias iligands
ANS: iA
Cells icommunicate iby iusing ihundreds iof ikinds iof isignal imolecules, ifor iexample, iinsulin.
iCells icommunicate iin ithree imain iways; ithey idisplay iplasma imembrane–bound isignaling
imolecules i(receptors) ithat iaffect ithe icell iitself iand iother icells iin idirect iphysical icontact.
iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i20
12. Which imode iof ichemical isignaling iuses iblood ito itransport icommunication ito icellsisome
distance iaway?
i
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. i Hormonal
ANS: iD
Chemical isignaling ican ibe iclassified iinto ithree icategories: i(1) ilocal-chemical imediator, i(2)
ihormone, iand i(3) ineurotransmitter. iIn ithe ilocal-chemical imediator imodel, ithe isecreted
ichemical iacts ion ithe icells iin ithe iimmediate ienvironment. iHormones iare iused ifor
icommunication iwith idistant itarget NcUeRllSsI.NFGoTrBe.xCaOm
Mple, icells ican isecrete ia ichemical iand irely
ion ithe iblood isystem ito ideliver ithe isignal ito ia idistant icell. iFinally, ineurotransmitters iare
isecreted iby ineurons ito istimulate ian iadjoining icell. iFor iexample, ia ineuron imight isecrete
iacetylcholine ito istimulate ithe imovement iof ia imuscle icell.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i20
13. Which imode iof ichemical isignaling iuses ilocal ichemical imediators ithat iare iquicklyitaken
up, idestroyed, ior iimmobilized?
i
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. i Hormone
ANS: iA
In iparacrine isignaling, icells isecrete ilocal ichemical imediators ithat iare iquickly itaken iup,
idestroyed, ior iimmobilized. iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
PTS: i i i 1 REF: iPage i20
14. Neurotransmitters iaffect ithe ipostsynaptic imembrane iby ibinding ito:
a. Lipids c. Amphipathic ilipids
b. Ribosomes d. i Receptors
ANS: iD
In ieach itype iof ichemical isignaling, ithe itarget icell ireceives ithe isignal iby ifirst iattaching ito
iits ireceptors. iThe iother ioptions ido inot icorrectly idescribe ithis iprocess.
NURSINGTB.COM
