Solution Manual For Surgical Technology for the Surgical
Technologist 6th Edition by Association of Surgical
Technologists Chapter 1-26.
hemostasis - ANSWER-stopping the loss of blood (hemorrhage); may be
accomplished by clot formation or vessel spasm, or surgically by
mechanical pressure, ligation, or the application of hemostatic agents;
may also be achieved thermally
coagulation - ANSWER-The body uses the process of
_________________ to achieve hemostasis.
(1) platelets adhere to subendothelium of vessel walls, (2) platelets
release ADP, (3) release of ADP causes further layers of platelets to
adhere, (4) platelet aggregate forms a thrombus, (5) permanent thrombus
forms after clotting factor reaction - ANSWER-What are the phases of
the clotting process?
irrigation fluid(s), blood loss - ANSWER-The surgical technologist
should keep close track of the amount of ______________________
used; the amount of _______________________ used is subtracted from
the total volume of fluid in the canister to provide an accurate
measurement of ______________________.
congenital hemostatic defects - ANSWER-hemophilia is the most
common of these and manifest itself as a clotting deficiency
acquired hemostatic disorders - ANSWER-bleeding disordrs caused by
an outside source; liver disease, anticoagulant therapy with heparin or
warfarin sodium, aplastic anemia; and drug-therapy induced platelet
dysfunctions
,mechanical hemostasis - ANSWER-can be achieved with the use of
several types of devices to control bleeding until a clot forms;
hemostatic instruments, ligatures, clips, sponges, pledgets, bone wax,
pressure devices
hemostatic instruments - ANSWER-clamps are used to compress the
walls of vessels and to grasp tissue; most commonly used is the
hemostat (straight or curved); vascular clamps are designed to be
atraumatic
ligatures - ANSWER-also called ties (referred to as stick ties when a
needle is attached), are strands of suture material used to tie off blood
vessels; made of either natural or synthetic material and are designed
either to dissolve over a period of time or to remain in the body tissue
permanently; vessels are ligated using the smallest possible diameter in
order to reduce tissue reaction and the ends cut as close to the knot as
possible
monofilament type, 1/8 in. - ANSWER-When the material used to tie off
a bleeding vessel is of a ____________________________, the tails of
the suture should be left approximately _______ long from the knot.
ligating clips - ANSWER-used in place of suture ligatures when many
small vessels need to be ligated in a short period of time; made of
nonreactive metal, such a titanium or stainless steel, or plastic material
and come in various sizes as well as absorbable or permanent varieties;
applied either from a manually leaded applicator or from any of several
preloaded disposable applicators
sponges - ANSWER-used to apply pressure on bleeding areas or vessels
and to absorb excess blood or body fluids; Raytec, laparomtomy
sponges, tonsil sponges, patties (cottonoids), kitners, and peanuts
pledgets - ANSWER-small squares of Teflon; used as buttresses over
the suture line; using suture they are sewn over the hole in the vessel and
,exert outside pressure over the small needle holes to prevent bleeding
and promote clotting; often used in peripheral vascular and
cardiovascular surgery
bone wax - ANSWER-made of refined and sterilized beeswax; used on
cut edges of bone as a mechanical barrier to seal off oozing blood
pressure devices - ANSWER-tourniquets, sequential stockings; occludes
the flow of blood until a clot has time to form; may be used to prevent
venous stasis and deep venous thrombosis;
biological hemostasis - ANSWER-fibrin glue
fibrin glue - ANSWER-consists of fibrinogen, cryoprecipitate derived
from human plasma, calcium chloride, thrombin; the thrombin
immediately converts fibrinogen to fibrin to produce a clot; uses of this
include deep tissues as a liquid or spray to control bleeding and
approximate wound edges of tissues that are difficult to suture, fixation
of ocular implants and middle ear reconstructive procedures, and
microsurgical anastomoses of nerves and blood vessels
autologous fibrin glue - ANSWER-plasma is collected from the patient
and manufactured into a cryoprecipitate that contains clotting factor XIII
to produce fibrinogen; must be warmed to 98.6 degrees right before use;
thrombin is reconstituted to 1000 units/mL; the solutions are drawn up
separately in two syringes and applied simultaneously to the tissue
homologous fibrin glue - ANSWER-plasma is collected from a single
donor and manufactured into a cryoprecipitate that contains clotting
factor XIII to produce fibrinogen; must be warmed to 98.6 degrees right
before use; thrombin is reconstituted to 1000 units/mL; the solutions are
drawn up separately in two syringes and applied simultaneously to the
tissue
, pooled-donor plasma fibrin glue - ANSWER-plasma is manufactured
from multiple donors, but the fibrinogen must undergo cleansing and
destruction of viruses to prevent the transmission of bloodborne
pathogens to the patient; used in Europe but has not been approved by
the FDA for use in the United States
thermal hemostasis - ANSWER-includes the use of electrosurgery,
lasers, argon plasma coagulation, and ultrasonic (Harmonic) scalpel
electrosurgery - ANSWER-the most commonly used thermal hemostasis
device; the components include the active electrode, electrosurgical or
generator unit (ESU), and inactive or dispersive electrode, also called
the grounding pad
lasers - ANSWER-provides an intense and concentrated beam of light
that is able to cut and coagulate tissue at the same time with very little
surrounding tissue destruction; several types are available with a specific
surgical use
argon plasma coagulation - ANSWER-involves the use of argon gas in
combination with monopolar electrical energy in the form of a
noncontact, white light beam; provides rapid hemostasis that travels
from a generator to a pencil-like handpiece; there is little to no tissue
adherence since the handpiece does not come in direct contact with the
tissue that is bleeding; less charring of the tissue compared to the ESU
ultrasonic (Harmonic) scalpel - ANSWER-consists of a single-use
titanium blade attached to a handpiece and a portable generator; the
generator converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy, thus
causing the blade to move by rapid ultrasonic motion that
simultaneously cuts and coagulates tissue; the vibrations of the blade
denature protein molecules within the tissue, producing a sticky
coagulum that seals the vessels; does not cause charring or produce a
smoke plume and damage to adjacent tissue is minimal
Technologist 6th Edition by Association of Surgical
Technologists Chapter 1-26.
hemostasis - ANSWER-stopping the loss of blood (hemorrhage); may be
accomplished by clot formation or vessel spasm, or surgically by
mechanical pressure, ligation, or the application of hemostatic agents;
may also be achieved thermally
coagulation - ANSWER-The body uses the process of
_________________ to achieve hemostasis.
(1) platelets adhere to subendothelium of vessel walls, (2) platelets
release ADP, (3) release of ADP causes further layers of platelets to
adhere, (4) platelet aggregate forms a thrombus, (5) permanent thrombus
forms after clotting factor reaction - ANSWER-What are the phases of
the clotting process?
irrigation fluid(s), blood loss - ANSWER-The surgical technologist
should keep close track of the amount of ______________________
used; the amount of _______________________ used is subtracted from
the total volume of fluid in the canister to provide an accurate
measurement of ______________________.
congenital hemostatic defects - ANSWER-hemophilia is the most
common of these and manifest itself as a clotting deficiency
acquired hemostatic disorders - ANSWER-bleeding disordrs caused by
an outside source; liver disease, anticoagulant therapy with heparin or
warfarin sodium, aplastic anemia; and drug-therapy induced platelet
dysfunctions
,mechanical hemostasis - ANSWER-can be achieved with the use of
several types of devices to control bleeding until a clot forms;
hemostatic instruments, ligatures, clips, sponges, pledgets, bone wax,
pressure devices
hemostatic instruments - ANSWER-clamps are used to compress the
walls of vessels and to grasp tissue; most commonly used is the
hemostat (straight or curved); vascular clamps are designed to be
atraumatic
ligatures - ANSWER-also called ties (referred to as stick ties when a
needle is attached), are strands of suture material used to tie off blood
vessels; made of either natural or synthetic material and are designed
either to dissolve over a period of time or to remain in the body tissue
permanently; vessels are ligated using the smallest possible diameter in
order to reduce tissue reaction and the ends cut as close to the knot as
possible
monofilament type, 1/8 in. - ANSWER-When the material used to tie off
a bleeding vessel is of a ____________________________, the tails of
the suture should be left approximately _______ long from the knot.
ligating clips - ANSWER-used in place of suture ligatures when many
small vessels need to be ligated in a short period of time; made of
nonreactive metal, such a titanium or stainless steel, or plastic material
and come in various sizes as well as absorbable or permanent varieties;
applied either from a manually leaded applicator or from any of several
preloaded disposable applicators
sponges - ANSWER-used to apply pressure on bleeding areas or vessels
and to absorb excess blood or body fluids; Raytec, laparomtomy
sponges, tonsil sponges, patties (cottonoids), kitners, and peanuts
pledgets - ANSWER-small squares of Teflon; used as buttresses over
the suture line; using suture they are sewn over the hole in the vessel and
,exert outside pressure over the small needle holes to prevent bleeding
and promote clotting; often used in peripheral vascular and
cardiovascular surgery
bone wax - ANSWER-made of refined and sterilized beeswax; used on
cut edges of bone as a mechanical barrier to seal off oozing blood
pressure devices - ANSWER-tourniquets, sequential stockings; occludes
the flow of blood until a clot has time to form; may be used to prevent
venous stasis and deep venous thrombosis;
biological hemostasis - ANSWER-fibrin glue
fibrin glue - ANSWER-consists of fibrinogen, cryoprecipitate derived
from human plasma, calcium chloride, thrombin; the thrombin
immediately converts fibrinogen to fibrin to produce a clot; uses of this
include deep tissues as a liquid or spray to control bleeding and
approximate wound edges of tissues that are difficult to suture, fixation
of ocular implants and middle ear reconstructive procedures, and
microsurgical anastomoses of nerves and blood vessels
autologous fibrin glue - ANSWER-plasma is collected from the patient
and manufactured into a cryoprecipitate that contains clotting factor XIII
to produce fibrinogen; must be warmed to 98.6 degrees right before use;
thrombin is reconstituted to 1000 units/mL; the solutions are drawn up
separately in two syringes and applied simultaneously to the tissue
homologous fibrin glue - ANSWER-plasma is collected from a single
donor and manufactured into a cryoprecipitate that contains clotting
factor XIII to produce fibrinogen; must be warmed to 98.6 degrees right
before use; thrombin is reconstituted to 1000 units/mL; the solutions are
drawn up separately in two syringes and applied simultaneously to the
tissue
, pooled-donor plasma fibrin glue - ANSWER-plasma is manufactured
from multiple donors, but the fibrinogen must undergo cleansing and
destruction of viruses to prevent the transmission of bloodborne
pathogens to the patient; used in Europe but has not been approved by
the FDA for use in the United States
thermal hemostasis - ANSWER-includes the use of electrosurgery,
lasers, argon plasma coagulation, and ultrasonic (Harmonic) scalpel
electrosurgery - ANSWER-the most commonly used thermal hemostasis
device; the components include the active electrode, electrosurgical or
generator unit (ESU), and inactive or dispersive electrode, also called
the grounding pad
lasers - ANSWER-provides an intense and concentrated beam of light
that is able to cut and coagulate tissue at the same time with very little
surrounding tissue destruction; several types are available with a specific
surgical use
argon plasma coagulation - ANSWER-involves the use of argon gas in
combination with monopolar electrical energy in the form of a
noncontact, white light beam; provides rapid hemostasis that travels
from a generator to a pencil-like handpiece; there is little to no tissue
adherence since the handpiece does not come in direct contact with the
tissue that is bleeding; less charring of the tissue compared to the ESU
ultrasonic (Harmonic) scalpel - ANSWER-consists of a single-use
titanium blade attached to a handpiece and a portable generator; the
generator converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy, thus
causing the blade to move by rapid ultrasonic motion that
simultaneously cuts and coagulates tissue; the vibrations of the blade
denature protein molecules within the tissue, producing a sticky
coagulum that seals the vessels; does not cause charring or produce a
smoke plume and damage to adjacent tissue is minimal
