Test Bank For Wardlaw's Perspectives in Nutrition A
Functional Approach, 3rd Edition,by Carol Byrd-
Bredbenner, Jacqueline Berning, Danita Kelley Chapter 1-
18.
Which vitamins are added to grains in the enrichment process? -
ANSWER-Thiamin, B1. Riboflavin, B2. Niacin, B3, and Iron. Folate
now added. Because we loose vitamins in the bran and germ during
processing.
How can Niacin be synthesized endogenously? - ANSWER-60mg
tryptophan = 1 mg Niacin. 1g of Protein = 10mg tryptophan. Body won't
do this readily because it needs tryptophan for protein synthesis.
Why would raw egg whites consumption produce Biotin deficiency? -
ANSWER-Biotin binds to the protein Avidin in raw egg white which
limits its absorption.
Which B vitamin is supplied primarily in foods of animal origin? -
ANSWER-B12
Which individuals are more likely to experience poor B12? - ANSWER-
Those with digestive disorders, Vegans, Atrophic gastritis
Which water soluble vitamins have a UL? - ANSWER-Niacin, B-6,
Folate; to not mask B12 deficiency, Vitamin C, Choline
Name two B vitamins required for mature red blood cell development
and avoidance of megaloblastic anemia - ANSWER-B12 and Folate. B6
also important for mature red blood cells but not in avoidance of
megalobalstic anemia.
,Symptoms of scurvy - ANSWER-After 20-40 days, pinpoint
hemorrhages around hair follicles, gums and joints bleeding, impaired
wound healing, bone pain, fractures, and diarrhea, depression.
Effects of smoking on Vit C needs and why - ANSWER-The RDA
increases by 35mg/ day to counteract oxidative stress. Smokers Vit C
serum levels are a third less than non-smokers.
Why is folic acid so important in the early stages of pregnancy -
ANSWER-Rapid cell development.
White rice vs brown rice - ANSWER-Fat in the bran goes rancid in
warm environments so it made sense to remove the bran, resulting in
loss of vitamins. Brown Rice has more B6, potassium, zinc, magnesium
and fiber than white rice.
Thiamin food sources - ANSWER-Pork, sunflower seeds and legumes
like navy beans and peas. Pork one of highest sources.
Why do men have a higher RDA of B vitamins? - ANSWER-B vitamins
are coenzymes that help break down food. Men tend to have greater
energy requirements and therefore need more b vitamins to break down
the higher intake.
Functions of Thiamin - ANSWER-Coenzyme form: thiamin
pyrophosphate- has 2 phosphates added. Required for carbohydrate and
branched chain amino acid metabolism and decarboxylation. When a
carbon is taken off and we see CO2 in the CAC, Thiamin is the helper.
Use of thiamin in energy metabolism - ANSWER-Needed in the
conversion from pyruvate to acetyl CoA. Included in the enzyme
reaction with NAD.
Thiamin deficiency - ANSWER-Beriberi comes from not eating thiamin
in the diet. Symptoms include peripheral neuropathy and congestive
,heart failure. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome from alcohol use.
Shakiness is a sign of nerve damage. alcohol inhibits use and absorption
and causes secretion of vitamins.
Riboflavin foods - ANSWER-Milk, enriched grains, eggs and meat.
Riboflavin is destroyed by UV light. No milk in glass bottles.
Functions of Riboflavin B 2 - ANSWER-Coenzymes FMN and FAD.
Carrier to bring energy or released electrons to the electron transport
chain. Citric Acid Cycle, Beta Oxidation- breaking the fatty acid chain
into 2 carbon pairs, oxidizing fat for energy. Antioxidant function: part
of glutathione synthesis.
Riboflavin deficiency - ANSWER-ariboflavinosis: cracks on the side of
mouth, tongue large and glossy, sore throat
Niacin B3 rich foods - ANSWER-Poultry, meat, fish, mushrooms, wheat
bran, peanuts, coffee, tea and bread products.
Overview of Water soluble vitamins - ANSWER-Storage in body tissues
is minimal. Easily destroyed in cooking. Form coenzymes. Freed during
digestion; released not digested. Absorbed easier because doesn't have to
be packaged in chylomicron.
B vitamins and Coenymes - ANSWER-B 1 Thiamin: TPP. B 2
Riboflavin: FAD and FMN. B 3 Niacin: NAD and NADP. B 9 Folic
Acid: THFA. B 5 Pantothenic Acid: CoA. B 6: PLP. B12:
Methylcobalamin
Niacin B3 - ANSWER-Available as niacin or synthesized by the body
from the amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan generally used for protein
synthesis so body won't readily use this pathway.
Niacin B3 Absorption, Transport, Storage and Excretion - ANSWER-
Readily absorbed in the stomach and small intestine by active transport
, and passive diffusion. After absorption it is transported via the portal
vein to the liver where it is stored or delivered to the body. Excess is
converted to coenzyme forms or excreted in the urine.
Niacin B3 toxicity - ANSWER-This has an Upper Level; 35mg. Can be
stored or cause problems in liver. High amounts cause flushing- dilates
blood vessels only on upper parts of the body. Can happen with energy
drinks or Pharmacological doses.
Functions of Niacin B3 - ANSWER-Coenyzmes NAD and NADPH,
required for catabolism of carbs, fats and proteins, oxidation reduction
reactions, required in at least 200 reactions.
Niacin B3 deficiency -.ANSWER-Pellagra, generally symmetrical, skin
rough or red sickness. 4 Ds: Dermititis, diarrhea, dementia, death.
Associated with corn based diets. Corn has to be soaked in lime water to
release protein bound to the niacin to make it bioavailable
Pharmacological uses of Niacin B3 - ANSWER-Used for cholesterol
therapy because blocks fat released from cells or synthesized so the body
can't use them. Nicotinic acid lowers triglycerides and increases HDL-C.
Pantothenic Acid - ANSWER-From the Greek word meaning From
Every Side. It is present in all cells of the body and in a wide variety of
foods.
Food sources of Pantothenic Acid - ANSWER-meat, milk, mushrooms,
peanuts, egg yolks, yeast, broccoli, and soy milk, avocado, sunflower
seeds.
Pantothenic Acid Absorption, Transport, Storage and Excretion -
ANSWER-The pantothenic acid portion of any coenzyme A is released
during digestion in the small intestines. It is absorbed and transported
through the body bound to red blood cells. Storage is minimal and is in
the coenzyme form. Excretion is via the urine.
Functional Approach, 3rd Edition,by Carol Byrd-
Bredbenner, Jacqueline Berning, Danita Kelley Chapter 1-
18.
Which vitamins are added to grains in the enrichment process? -
ANSWER-Thiamin, B1. Riboflavin, B2. Niacin, B3, and Iron. Folate
now added. Because we loose vitamins in the bran and germ during
processing.
How can Niacin be synthesized endogenously? - ANSWER-60mg
tryptophan = 1 mg Niacin. 1g of Protein = 10mg tryptophan. Body won't
do this readily because it needs tryptophan for protein synthesis.
Why would raw egg whites consumption produce Biotin deficiency? -
ANSWER-Biotin binds to the protein Avidin in raw egg white which
limits its absorption.
Which B vitamin is supplied primarily in foods of animal origin? -
ANSWER-B12
Which individuals are more likely to experience poor B12? - ANSWER-
Those with digestive disorders, Vegans, Atrophic gastritis
Which water soluble vitamins have a UL? - ANSWER-Niacin, B-6,
Folate; to not mask B12 deficiency, Vitamin C, Choline
Name two B vitamins required for mature red blood cell development
and avoidance of megaloblastic anemia - ANSWER-B12 and Folate. B6
also important for mature red blood cells but not in avoidance of
megalobalstic anemia.
,Symptoms of scurvy - ANSWER-After 20-40 days, pinpoint
hemorrhages around hair follicles, gums and joints bleeding, impaired
wound healing, bone pain, fractures, and diarrhea, depression.
Effects of smoking on Vit C needs and why - ANSWER-The RDA
increases by 35mg/ day to counteract oxidative stress. Smokers Vit C
serum levels are a third less than non-smokers.
Why is folic acid so important in the early stages of pregnancy -
ANSWER-Rapid cell development.
White rice vs brown rice - ANSWER-Fat in the bran goes rancid in
warm environments so it made sense to remove the bran, resulting in
loss of vitamins. Brown Rice has more B6, potassium, zinc, magnesium
and fiber than white rice.
Thiamin food sources - ANSWER-Pork, sunflower seeds and legumes
like navy beans and peas. Pork one of highest sources.
Why do men have a higher RDA of B vitamins? - ANSWER-B vitamins
are coenzymes that help break down food. Men tend to have greater
energy requirements and therefore need more b vitamins to break down
the higher intake.
Functions of Thiamin - ANSWER-Coenzyme form: thiamin
pyrophosphate- has 2 phosphates added. Required for carbohydrate and
branched chain amino acid metabolism and decarboxylation. When a
carbon is taken off and we see CO2 in the CAC, Thiamin is the helper.
Use of thiamin in energy metabolism - ANSWER-Needed in the
conversion from pyruvate to acetyl CoA. Included in the enzyme
reaction with NAD.
Thiamin deficiency - ANSWER-Beriberi comes from not eating thiamin
in the diet. Symptoms include peripheral neuropathy and congestive
,heart failure. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome from alcohol use.
Shakiness is a sign of nerve damage. alcohol inhibits use and absorption
and causes secretion of vitamins.
Riboflavin foods - ANSWER-Milk, enriched grains, eggs and meat.
Riboflavin is destroyed by UV light. No milk in glass bottles.
Functions of Riboflavin B 2 - ANSWER-Coenzymes FMN and FAD.
Carrier to bring energy or released electrons to the electron transport
chain. Citric Acid Cycle, Beta Oxidation- breaking the fatty acid chain
into 2 carbon pairs, oxidizing fat for energy. Antioxidant function: part
of glutathione synthesis.
Riboflavin deficiency - ANSWER-ariboflavinosis: cracks on the side of
mouth, tongue large and glossy, sore throat
Niacin B3 rich foods - ANSWER-Poultry, meat, fish, mushrooms, wheat
bran, peanuts, coffee, tea and bread products.
Overview of Water soluble vitamins - ANSWER-Storage in body tissues
is minimal. Easily destroyed in cooking. Form coenzymes. Freed during
digestion; released not digested. Absorbed easier because doesn't have to
be packaged in chylomicron.
B vitamins and Coenymes - ANSWER-B 1 Thiamin: TPP. B 2
Riboflavin: FAD and FMN. B 3 Niacin: NAD and NADP. B 9 Folic
Acid: THFA. B 5 Pantothenic Acid: CoA. B 6: PLP. B12:
Methylcobalamin
Niacin B3 - ANSWER-Available as niacin or synthesized by the body
from the amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan generally used for protein
synthesis so body won't readily use this pathway.
Niacin B3 Absorption, Transport, Storage and Excretion - ANSWER-
Readily absorbed in the stomach and small intestine by active transport
, and passive diffusion. After absorption it is transported via the portal
vein to the liver where it is stored or delivered to the body. Excess is
converted to coenzyme forms or excreted in the urine.
Niacin B3 toxicity - ANSWER-This has an Upper Level; 35mg. Can be
stored or cause problems in liver. High amounts cause flushing- dilates
blood vessels only on upper parts of the body. Can happen with energy
drinks or Pharmacological doses.
Functions of Niacin B3 - ANSWER-Coenyzmes NAD and NADPH,
required for catabolism of carbs, fats and proteins, oxidation reduction
reactions, required in at least 200 reactions.
Niacin B3 deficiency -.ANSWER-Pellagra, generally symmetrical, skin
rough or red sickness. 4 Ds: Dermititis, diarrhea, dementia, death.
Associated with corn based diets. Corn has to be soaked in lime water to
release protein bound to the niacin to make it bioavailable
Pharmacological uses of Niacin B3 - ANSWER-Used for cholesterol
therapy because blocks fat released from cells or synthesized so the body
can't use them. Nicotinic acid lowers triglycerides and increases HDL-C.
Pantothenic Acid - ANSWER-From the Greek word meaning From
Every Side. It is present in all cells of the body and in a wide variety of
foods.
Food sources of Pantothenic Acid - ANSWER-meat, milk, mushrooms,
peanuts, egg yolks, yeast, broccoli, and soy milk, avocado, sunflower
seeds.
Pantothenic Acid Absorption, Transport, Storage and Excretion -
ANSWER-The pantothenic acid portion of any coenzyme A is released
during digestion in the small intestines. It is absorbed and transported
through the body bound to red blood cells. Storage is minimal and is in
the coenzyme form. Excretion is via the urine.
