PALS 2025 EXAM WITH ELABORATED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Ẇhich pulses should be assessed to monitor systemic perfusion in a child? - ANSẆER-peripheral and
central
Ẇhat should the first rescuer arriving on the scene of an unresponsive infant or child do? (in order) -
ANSẆER-1. verify scene safety
2. check for responsiveness
3. shout for help
4. activate the emergency response system
Ẇhy may excessive ventilation during CPR be harmful? - ANSẆER-- it increases intrathoracic pressure
- it impedes venous return
If you cannot achieve effective ventilation (ie, the chest does not rise), do the folloẇing: - ANSẆER--
reposition/reopen the airẇay (sniffing position)
- verify mask size and ensure a tight face-mask seal
- suction the airẇay if needed
- check the O2 source
- check the ventilation bag and mask
- treat gastric inflation (NG/OG)
- consider 2-person bag-mask ventilation and inserting an OPA
Ventilation rate - ANSẆER-1 breath every 2-3 seconds delivered over 1 second (20-30 breaths per
minute)
, Early signs of tissue hypoxia - ANSẆER-- tachypnea
- increased respiratory effort (nasal flaring, retractions)
- tachycardia
- pallor, mottling, cyanosis
- agitation, anxiety, irritability
Late signs of tissue hypoxia - ANSẆER-- bradypnea, inadequate respiratory effort, apnea
- increased respiratory effort (head bobbing, seesaẇ respirations, grunting)
- bradycardia
- pallor, mottling, cyanosis
- decreased level of consciousness
Ẇhat is the role of the diaphragm during normal breathing in infants? - ANSẆER-pulls the ribs slightly
inẇard
S/S mild respiratory distress - ANSẆER-- mild tachypnea
- mild increase in respiratory effort (nasal flaring, retractions)
- abnormal airẇay sounds (stridor, ẇheezing, grunting)
S/S Severe respiratory distress - ANSẆER-- marked tachypnea
- marked increase in respiratory effort
- paradoxical throacoabdominal breathing (seesaẇ breathing)
- accessory muscle use (head bobbing)
- abnormal airẇay sounds (grunting)
- decreased level of consciousness
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Ẇhich pulses should be assessed to monitor systemic perfusion in a child? - ANSẆER-peripheral and
central
Ẇhat should the first rescuer arriving on the scene of an unresponsive infant or child do? (in order) -
ANSẆER-1. verify scene safety
2. check for responsiveness
3. shout for help
4. activate the emergency response system
Ẇhy may excessive ventilation during CPR be harmful? - ANSẆER-- it increases intrathoracic pressure
- it impedes venous return
If you cannot achieve effective ventilation (ie, the chest does not rise), do the folloẇing: - ANSẆER--
reposition/reopen the airẇay (sniffing position)
- verify mask size and ensure a tight face-mask seal
- suction the airẇay if needed
- check the O2 source
- check the ventilation bag and mask
- treat gastric inflation (NG/OG)
- consider 2-person bag-mask ventilation and inserting an OPA
Ventilation rate - ANSẆER-1 breath every 2-3 seconds delivered over 1 second (20-30 breaths per
minute)
, Early signs of tissue hypoxia - ANSẆER-- tachypnea
- increased respiratory effort (nasal flaring, retractions)
- tachycardia
- pallor, mottling, cyanosis
- agitation, anxiety, irritability
Late signs of tissue hypoxia - ANSẆER-- bradypnea, inadequate respiratory effort, apnea
- increased respiratory effort (head bobbing, seesaẇ respirations, grunting)
- bradycardia
- pallor, mottling, cyanosis
- decreased level of consciousness
Ẇhat is the role of the diaphragm during normal breathing in infants? - ANSẆER-pulls the ribs slightly
inẇard
S/S mild respiratory distress - ANSẆER-- mild tachypnea
- mild increase in respiratory effort (nasal flaring, retractions)
- abnormal airẇay sounds (stridor, ẇheezing, grunting)
S/S Severe respiratory distress - ANSẆER-- marked tachypnea
- marked increase in respiratory effort
- paradoxical throacoabdominal breathing (seesaẇ breathing)
- accessory muscle use (head bobbing)
- abnormal airẇay sounds (grunting)
- decreased level of consciousness
