A&P 1 ULTIMATE COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE: COMPLETE REVIEW FOR TOP
SCORES
Anatomy
is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
Physiology
is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones.
Histology
is the study of tissues at the microscopic level.
Cytology
is the study of cells at the microscopic level
Neurophysiology
is the study of how the nervous system functions.
atoms, molecules
the chemical bonds between atoms provide the framework upon which all living activity is based.
cell
the smallest unit of life
Organelles
within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular functions
,tissue
is a group of similar cells performing a common function. Muscle tissue, for example, consists of muscle
cells.
organ
is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity. The heart is an
organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues.
organ system
is two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task. The digestive system, for
example, involves the coordinated activities of many organs, including the mouth, stomach, small and
large intestines, pancreas, and liver.
organism
is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability to obtain and process energy, the
ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce.
homeostasis
The maintenance of stable, internal conditions within specific limits. In many cases, stable conditions are
maintained by negative feedback.
negative feedback
a sensing mechanism (a receptor) detects a change in conditions beyond specific limits
positive feedback
which an action intensifies a condition so that it is driven farther beyond normal limits
Sagittal planes
divide a body or organ vertically into right and left parts. If the right and left parts are equal, the plane is
a midsagittal plane; if they're unequal, the plane is a parasagittal plane
frontal (coronal) plane
divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts.
horizontal (transverse) plane
divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known
as a cross‐section.
posterior/dorsal
body cavity includes the cranial cavity (which contains the brain) and the vertebral cavity (which
contains the spinal cord).
anterior/ventral
, body cavity includes the thoracic cavity (which contains the lungs, each in its own pleural cavity, and the
heart, in the pericardial cavity) and the abdominopelvic cavity (which contains the digestive organs in
the abdominal cavity and the bladder and reproductive organs in the pelvic cavity).
Squamous cells
are flat. The nucleus, located near the upper surface, gives these cells the appearance of a fried egg.
Cuboidal cells
are cube‐ or hexagon‐shaped with a central, round nucleus.
Columnar cells
are tall with an oval nucleus near the basement membrane.
Simple epithelium
describes a single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium
describes epithelium consisting of multiple layers.
Pseudostratified epithelium
describes a single layer of cells of different sizes, giving the appearance of being multilayered.
Epidermis
the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone
Stratum corneum
most superficial layer of the epidermis and is the layer exposed to the outside environment
Melanocyte
cells that produce the pigment, melanin
Basal cell
cuboidal-shaped stem cell that is a precursor of the keratinocytes of the epidermis
Sebaceous gland
produces and secretes an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.
Adipocyte
fat cells
Free nerve ending
is an unspecialized, afferent nerve fiber ending of a sensory neuron
STUDY GUIDE: COMPLETE REVIEW FOR TOP
SCORES
Anatomy
is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
Physiology
is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones.
Histology
is the study of tissues at the microscopic level.
Cytology
is the study of cells at the microscopic level
Neurophysiology
is the study of how the nervous system functions.
atoms, molecules
the chemical bonds between atoms provide the framework upon which all living activity is based.
cell
the smallest unit of life
Organelles
within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular functions
,tissue
is a group of similar cells performing a common function. Muscle tissue, for example, consists of muscle
cells.
organ
is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity. The heart is an
organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues.
organ system
is two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task. The digestive system, for
example, involves the coordinated activities of many organs, including the mouth, stomach, small and
large intestines, pancreas, and liver.
organism
is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability to obtain and process energy, the
ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce.
homeostasis
The maintenance of stable, internal conditions within specific limits. In many cases, stable conditions are
maintained by negative feedback.
negative feedback
a sensing mechanism (a receptor) detects a change in conditions beyond specific limits
positive feedback
which an action intensifies a condition so that it is driven farther beyond normal limits
Sagittal planes
divide a body or organ vertically into right and left parts. If the right and left parts are equal, the plane is
a midsagittal plane; if they're unequal, the plane is a parasagittal plane
frontal (coronal) plane
divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts.
horizontal (transverse) plane
divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known
as a cross‐section.
posterior/dorsal
body cavity includes the cranial cavity (which contains the brain) and the vertebral cavity (which
contains the spinal cord).
anterior/ventral
, body cavity includes the thoracic cavity (which contains the lungs, each in its own pleural cavity, and the
heart, in the pericardial cavity) and the abdominopelvic cavity (which contains the digestive organs in
the abdominal cavity and the bladder and reproductive organs in the pelvic cavity).
Squamous cells
are flat. The nucleus, located near the upper surface, gives these cells the appearance of a fried egg.
Cuboidal cells
are cube‐ or hexagon‐shaped with a central, round nucleus.
Columnar cells
are tall with an oval nucleus near the basement membrane.
Simple epithelium
describes a single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium
describes epithelium consisting of multiple layers.
Pseudostratified epithelium
describes a single layer of cells of different sizes, giving the appearance of being multilayered.
Epidermis
the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone
Stratum corneum
most superficial layer of the epidermis and is the layer exposed to the outside environment
Melanocyte
cells that produce the pigment, melanin
Basal cell
cuboidal-shaped stem cell that is a precursor of the keratinocytes of the epidermis
Sebaceous gland
produces and secretes an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.
Adipocyte
fat cells
Free nerve ending
is an unspecialized, afferent nerve fiber ending of a sensory neuron
