1
CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY UNIT 3 EXAM LATEST
UPDATE -2026- 100+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALL
THE BEST
In affinity epitope and binding site are held together by all these kinds of bonds
except?
A Ionic
B Covalent Bonds
C Hydrogen Bonds
D Hydrophobic Bonds
E Van der Waals forces
Covalent Bonds
What are bonds between oppositely charged particles?
Ionic
What are bonds that involve an attraction between polar molecules that have a
slight charge separation and the positive charge of a hydrogen atom
Hydrogen Bonds
What are bonds that occur between nonpolar molecules and exclude molecules of
water?
Hydrophobic bonds
, 2
What is the zone called where there is too much Antibody causing a false negative
reaction?
Prozone
Why is there no precipitation in the postzone?
excess antigen surrounds small aggregates preventing lattice formation
Why is there no precipitation in prozone?
antigen only comes in contact with one or two antigen molecules preventing cross
linkage
If a false negative is suspected due to excess antibody, what is done?
diluting out excess antibody and performing the test again
If a false negative is suspected due to excess antigen, what is done?
repeating the with a specimen drawn a week later
Precipitates in fluids can be measured using what two methods?
Turbidimetry and Nephelometry
turbidimetry
What are interactions of electron clouds between oscillating dipoles?
Van der Waals
Why must antigen and antibody be a very close fit?
They're bound by rather weak bonds that can occur only over a short distance of
approximately 1x10^-7 mm
What factors affect the strength of attraction between antibody and antigen?
Epitope Shape
Specificity of antigen to specific antibody
What is cross reactivity?
, 3
bond will be between antigen that resembles original antigen and the original
antigen's binding site
What is the sum of all attractive forces between antigen and antibody?
Avidity (multivalent antigen to multivalent antibody)
The figure represents affinity or avidity?
Affinity
The figure represents affinity or avidity?
Avidity
The law that states that free reactants are in equilibrium with bound reactants
Law of mass action
What is the equation for the equilibrium constant for the law of mass action?
K=K1/K2=[AgAB]/[Ab][Ag]
A larger K1 value and a smaller K2 value indicates a more or less stable complex?
More stable complex. Higher rate of binding than dissociation.
A smaller K1 value and a higher K2 value indicates a more or less stable complex?
Less stable complex.
The rate of dissociation is occuring at a higher rate than binding.
What are the three phases of Antigen/Antibody complexes?
Primary Phenomenon, Secondary Phenomenon, Tertiary Phenomenon
-Combination of binding site on antibody with a single epitope on antigen.
-Reversible - occur in milli- seconds.
-Not easily detectible - hard to measure.
CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY UNIT 3 EXAM LATEST
UPDATE -2026- 100+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALL
THE BEST
In affinity epitope and binding site are held together by all these kinds of bonds
except?
A Ionic
B Covalent Bonds
C Hydrogen Bonds
D Hydrophobic Bonds
E Van der Waals forces
Covalent Bonds
What are bonds between oppositely charged particles?
Ionic
What are bonds that involve an attraction between polar molecules that have a
slight charge separation and the positive charge of a hydrogen atom
Hydrogen Bonds
What are bonds that occur between nonpolar molecules and exclude molecules of
water?
Hydrophobic bonds
, 2
What is the zone called where there is too much Antibody causing a false negative
reaction?
Prozone
Why is there no precipitation in the postzone?
excess antigen surrounds small aggregates preventing lattice formation
Why is there no precipitation in prozone?
antigen only comes in contact with one or two antigen molecules preventing cross
linkage
If a false negative is suspected due to excess antibody, what is done?
diluting out excess antibody and performing the test again
If a false negative is suspected due to excess antigen, what is done?
repeating the with a specimen drawn a week later
Precipitates in fluids can be measured using what two methods?
Turbidimetry and Nephelometry
turbidimetry
What are interactions of electron clouds between oscillating dipoles?
Van der Waals
Why must antigen and antibody be a very close fit?
They're bound by rather weak bonds that can occur only over a short distance of
approximately 1x10^-7 mm
What factors affect the strength of attraction between antibody and antigen?
Epitope Shape
Specificity of antigen to specific antibody
What is cross reactivity?
, 3
bond will be between antigen that resembles original antigen and the original
antigen's binding site
What is the sum of all attractive forces between antigen and antibody?
Avidity (multivalent antigen to multivalent antibody)
The figure represents affinity or avidity?
Affinity
The figure represents affinity or avidity?
Avidity
The law that states that free reactants are in equilibrium with bound reactants
Law of mass action
What is the equation for the equilibrium constant for the law of mass action?
K=K1/K2=[AgAB]/[Ab][Ag]
A larger K1 value and a smaller K2 value indicates a more or less stable complex?
More stable complex. Higher rate of binding than dissociation.
A smaller K1 value and a higher K2 value indicates a more or less stable complex?
Less stable complex.
The rate of dissociation is occuring at a higher rate than binding.
What are the three phases of Antigen/Antibody complexes?
Primary Phenomenon, Secondary Phenomenon, Tertiary Phenomenon
-Combination of binding site on antibody with a single epitope on antigen.
-Reversible - occur in milli- seconds.
-Not easily detectible - hard to measure.
