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LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATE -2026-
100+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALL THE BEST
Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in
behavior, cognition, or social relationships.
Qualitative
Seven-month-old Juan and his mother live in a small rented apartment in a large
city. Affordable, high quality child care centers are very hard to find in her
neighborhood. Which level of the environment, according to Bronfenbrenner's
model, is limiting her access to high quality day care in her community?
Exosystem
Contemporary developmentalists focus on which question concerning nature and
nurture?
How do we explain the mechanisms by which nature and nurture interact to affect
development?
A group of people characterized by shared traditions, attitudes, values, and beliefs
handed down from one generation to another constitute ______________.
an ethnic group.
Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following
statements is an accurate representation of his ideas?
Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having
more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern.
, 2
Models of development which hold that change typically occurs in shifts between
periods of relative stability and periods of disequilibrium are called
stage models
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process
are called
incremental models.
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a function of reciprocal
influences, both from within the person and from the external environment are
called
multidimensional models.
In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to
reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment.
Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality
child care is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young
woman who also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment.
According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, which of the following influences on Juan's
development represents an example of a proximal process?
The quality of care-giving Juan receives in day care.
Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality
child care is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young
woman who also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment.
Which of the following influences represents an example of a distal process?
Governmental policies and subsidies for child care that apply in the city.
The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background,
income, and occupation is called
socioeconomic status.
, 3
The belief that individuals create their own knowledge by interpreting new
experience in the light of past experience is a fundamental proposition of
constructivism.
Counselors must recognize the principle of ___________: Individual pathways of
development may result in a wide range of possible outcomes.
multifinality
An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and
wellness in the general population is called
primary prevention.
The epigenome is the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that
controls the expression of
hereditary material.
In one animal study of the influence of genes on behavior, offspring of rats with
genes for low stress reactivity were reared by unrelated mother rats with genes
for high stress reactivity. This is an example of
a cross-fostering study.
In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers,
alerted to this distress, responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered
the development of the hippocampus. Which of the following processes or
principles does this example demonstrate?
Epigenesis.
Based on your knowledge of prenatal development, which of the following
sequences
would you expect to be correct?
The heart begins to form before the hands.
Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the
, 4
developing fetus?
The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure.
When she was pregnant with Joey, Joey's mother had a poor diet because food
was in short supply in her war-torn country. The war ended after Joey was born,
and his middle-class mother was able to provide him with adequate, nutritious
food throughout his childhood. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely
for Joey?
Joey is at greater risk of serious ongoing health problems than youngsters who
have adequate prenatal nutrition.
The available data indicate that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has
which of the following effects on the fetus?
Is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability
Which of the following is an accurate description of the long-term effects of
chronic
stress on the body?
The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is
compromised.
The brain is commonly classified into three main parts. They are
forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
The process of myelination is not completed until
well into adulthood.
Which of the following is true with respect to the impact of nurture on the fetus'
developing brain?
The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon
environmental input, like sound.
LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATE -2026-
100+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALL THE BEST
Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in
behavior, cognition, or social relationships.
Qualitative
Seven-month-old Juan and his mother live in a small rented apartment in a large
city. Affordable, high quality child care centers are very hard to find in her
neighborhood. Which level of the environment, according to Bronfenbrenner's
model, is limiting her access to high quality day care in her community?
Exosystem
Contemporary developmentalists focus on which question concerning nature and
nurture?
How do we explain the mechanisms by which nature and nurture interact to affect
development?
A group of people characterized by shared traditions, attitudes, values, and beliefs
handed down from one generation to another constitute ______________.
an ethnic group.
Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following
statements is an accurate representation of his ideas?
Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having
more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern.
, 2
Models of development which hold that change typically occurs in shifts between
periods of relative stability and periods of disequilibrium are called
stage models
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process
are called
incremental models.
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a function of reciprocal
influences, both from within the person and from the external environment are
called
multidimensional models.
In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to
reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment.
Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality
child care is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young
woman who also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment.
According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, which of the following influences on Juan's
development represents an example of a proximal process?
The quality of care-giving Juan receives in day care.
Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality
child care is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young
woman who also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment.
Which of the following influences represents an example of a distal process?
Governmental policies and subsidies for child care that apply in the city.
The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background,
income, and occupation is called
socioeconomic status.
, 3
The belief that individuals create their own knowledge by interpreting new
experience in the light of past experience is a fundamental proposition of
constructivism.
Counselors must recognize the principle of ___________: Individual pathways of
development may result in a wide range of possible outcomes.
multifinality
An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and
wellness in the general population is called
primary prevention.
The epigenome is the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that
controls the expression of
hereditary material.
In one animal study of the influence of genes on behavior, offspring of rats with
genes for low stress reactivity were reared by unrelated mother rats with genes
for high stress reactivity. This is an example of
a cross-fostering study.
In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers,
alerted to this distress, responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered
the development of the hippocampus. Which of the following processes or
principles does this example demonstrate?
Epigenesis.
Based on your knowledge of prenatal development, which of the following
sequences
would you expect to be correct?
The heart begins to form before the hands.
Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the
, 4
developing fetus?
The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure.
When she was pregnant with Joey, Joey's mother had a poor diet because food
was in short supply in her war-torn country. The war ended after Joey was born,
and his middle-class mother was able to provide him with adequate, nutritious
food throughout his childhood. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely
for Joey?
Joey is at greater risk of serious ongoing health problems than youngsters who
have adequate prenatal nutrition.
The available data indicate that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has
which of the following effects on the fetus?
Is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability
Which of the following is an accurate description of the long-term effects of
chronic
stress on the body?
The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is
compromised.
The brain is commonly classified into three main parts. They are
forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
The process of myelination is not completed until
well into adulthood.
Which of the following is true with respect to the impact of nurture on the fetus'
developing brain?
The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon
environmental input, like sound.
