BIOL 3150 Final Exam 2 And All
Correct Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
Paget's Disease - Answer Also known as Osteitis Deformans, a disease in which the normal
bone growth/remodeling process is changed so that old bone breakdown will be greater than
the body's ability to synthesize new bone. The body responds by attempting to make bone
quicker but this new bone is thinner, weaker, and softer with *no vasculature*. More prevalent
in men and leads to bone pain, deformities, and fractures. There is no known cure or cause.
Bones, men, women - Answer _________ become weaker and thinner with age however the
rate of loss is 3% per decade in _____ and 8% per decade in ______.
Osteoporosis - Answer A condition characterized by reduction in bone mass that is low
enough to compromise the ability of normal function. Note: the loss of mass occurs in BOTH
*spongy and compact bone*.
BMD(bone mineral density) - Answer The measurement of the level of minerals in the
bones, this indicates how strong the bones are.
Osteopenia - Answer A condition referring to having a BMD that is lower than *normal*
peak BMD by NOT low enough to be classified as osteoporosis.
Tensile Strength - Answer This decreases with age, the reduced rate of protein synthesis
leads to reduced production of the organic portion (collagen fibers etc) of the bone matrix--- the
INORGANIC portion will increase causing brittle bones.
Demineralization - Answer A process that is the loss of Calcium and other minerals leading to
thinner and weaker bones due to insufficient ossification (osteopenia).
Hormones - Answer These maintain homeostasis and promote bone growth by controlling
growth patters, and altering the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Vitamins - Answer A substance very important for normal bone growth.
Vitamin A - Answer Vitamin that accelerates osteoblasts (building--rate to accelerate these).
Vitamin - Answer The vitamin required for normal cartilage synthesis.
,Vitamin D - Answer The vitamin that stimulates absorption and transport of Calcium and
Phosphorus ions into the blood.
Glucocorticoids - Answer In a state of constant stress these hormones will be active causing
an increase of bone resorption and subsequent loss of bone mass. At normal levels this
hormone has no effect.
Sex Hormones - Answer Hormones that dramatically accelerate osteoBLASTS at the
epiphyseal plate, the same hormones that ALSO signal closure of the epiphyseal plate at
puberty.
Parathyroid Hormone(PTH) - Answer The hormone that increases/stimulates osteoclast
activity to resorb bone (remove calcium from the skeleton).
Calcatonin(CT) - Answer The hormone that encourfages calcium deposition into the bone by
depressing osteoclast activity.
Thyroid Hormone(TH) - Answer The hormone that influences the basal metabolic rate (BMR)
of bone cells, ensures that everything is operating at the proper rate.
Growth Hormone - Answer The hormone that stimulates liver somatomedins which in turn
directly stimulate cartilage growth at the epiphyseal plate.
Stress, exercise - Answer ______ in the form of _____ is REQUIRED for normal bone
remodeling. In response to this mechanical ___ the bone gains strength (increase in amount of
mineral salt deposition and collagen fibers synthesized.
Nerves - Answer These enter bone by accompanying blood vessels through the *nutrient
foramen*, they are mainly sensory and signal injury.
Nutrient Vessels - Answer One of the ways blood us supplied to bones, through the
periosteum these supply the diaphysis (of long bone) and enter central canals of osterons
within compact bone and marrow cavity (supple whole diaphysis and marrow).
Metaphyseal Vessels - Answer A way that blood supply enter long bones, coming in through
the periosteum these supply the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.
Epiphyseal Vessels - Answer Another way blood supply can enter long bones, coming
through the periosteum these supply blood to the epiphysis.
, Periosteal Vessels - Answer A way that blood supply can enter long bones, these supply
superficial osteons within compacts bone at externals ends of the shaft, they enter the
perforating canals within the shaft.
Mechanosensitive - Answer Bone is this type of organ meaning it alters its structure to suit
its mechanical environment.
Wolff's Law - Answer Law which says bone will grow/remodel in response to stresses and
applied forces are put upon it.
Mechanotransduction - Answer The process by which physical forces are converted into
biochemical signals which are integrated into cellular response--- EX: mechanical loading
generates pressure gradients that drive interstitial fluid through the lacunar-canalicular system
that is "sensed" by the osteocytes.
Bone, anatomy - Answer ______ anatomy reflects applied ________.
Gravity and mechanical stress - Answer The two main forces that stimulate bone remodeling,
serves the needs of the skeleton.
Bone Remodeling - Answer The *continuous process*, stimulated by stress, of depositing
new bone and the removal (resorption) of old bone tissue. Occurs at BOTH periosteal and
endosteal surfaces and changes the amount of minerals deposited in skeleton (maintains Ca and
P levels in body fluids)
Things that effect the rate of bone remodeling - Answer 1. Age
2. compact (slower replaced)vs. sponge (faster replaced)
20% - Answer The approximate percentage of the adult skeleton that gets replaced yearly.
Appositional Growth - Answer A type of bone growth that increases a structure's width.
Growth occurs within the periosteum and along the medullary cavity (endosteum). In this type
of growth the bone matrix is deposited in layer parallel to the surface (circumferential lamellae).
Some of the matrix will be reabsorbed so that growth continues *PROPORTIONALLY* (not too
thick or thin).
Epiphyseal Cartilage(growth plate), osteoblasts - Answer As long as this can grow and
enlarge, the bone itsself will continue to increase in length. ______ (new bone) and this will
grow at the same rate.
Correct Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
Paget's Disease - Answer Also known as Osteitis Deformans, a disease in which the normal
bone growth/remodeling process is changed so that old bone breakdown will be greater than
the body's ability to synthesize new bone. The body responds by attempting to make bone
quicker but this new bone is thinner, weaker, and softer with *no vasculature*. More prevalent
in men and leads to bone pain, deformities, and fractures. There is no known cure or cause.
Bones, men, women - Answer _________ become weaker and thinner with age however the
rate of loss is 3% per decade in _____ and 8% per decade in ______.
Osteoporosis - Answer A condition characterized by reduction in bone mass that is low
enough to compromise the ability of normal function. Note: the loss of mass occurs in BOTH
*spongy and compact bone*.
BMD(bone mineral density) - Answer The measurement of the level of minerals in the
bones, this indicates how strong the bones are.
Osteopenia - Answer A condition referring to having a BMD that is lower than *normal*
peak BMD by NOT low enough to be classified as osteoporosis.
Tensile Strength - Answer This decreases with age, the reduced rate of protein synthesis
leads to reduced production of the organic portion (collagen fibers etc) of the bone matrix--- the
INORGANIC portion will increase causing brittle bones.
Demineralization - Answer A process that is the loss of Calcium and other minerals leading to
thinner and weaker bones due to insufficient ossification (osteopenia).
Hormones - Answer These maintain homeostasis and promote bone growth by controlling
growth patters, and altering the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Vitamins - Answer A substance very important for normal bone growth.
Vitamin A - Answer Vitamin that accelerates osteoblasts (building--rate to accelerate these).
Vitamin - Answer The vitamin required for normal cartilage synthesis.
,Vitamin D - Answer The vitamin that stimulates absorption and transport of Calcium and
Phosphorus ions into the blood.
Glucocorticoids - Answer In a state of constant stress these hormones will be active causing
an increase of bone resorption and subsequent loss of bone mass. At normal levels this
hormone has no effect.
Sex Hormones - Answer Hormones that dramatically accelerate osteoBLASTS at the
epiphyseal plate, the same hormones that ALSO signal closure of the epiphyseal plate at
puberty.
Parathyroid Hormone(PTH) - Answer The hormone that increases/stimulates osteoclast
activity to resorb bone (remove calcium from the skeleton).
Calcatonin(CT) - Answer The hormone that encourfages calcium deposition into the bone by
depressing osteoclast activity.
Thyroid Hormone(TH) - Answer The hormone that influences the basal metabolic rate (BMR)
of bone cells, ensures that everything is operating at the proper rate.
Growth Hormone - Answer The hormone that stimulates liver somatomedins which in turn
directly stimulate cartilage growth at the epiphyseal plate.
Stress, exercise - Answer ______ in the form of _____ is REQUIRED for normal bone
remodeling. In response to this mechanical ___ the bone gains strength (increase in amount of
mineral salt deposition and collagen fibers synthesized.
Nerves - Answer These enter bone by accompanying blood vessels through the *nutrient
foramen*, they are mainly sensory and signal injury.
Nutrient Vessels - Answer One of the ways blood us supplied to bones, through the
periosteum these supply the diaphysis (of long bone) and enter central canals of osterons
within compact bone and marrow cavity (supple whole diaphysis and marrow).
Metaphyseal Vessels - Answer A way that blood supply enter long bones, coming in through
the periosteum these supply the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.
Epiphyseal Vessels - Answer Another way blood supply can enter long bones, coming
through the periosteum these supply blood to the epiphysis.
, Periosteal Vessels - Answer A way that blood supply can enter long bones, these supply
superficial osteons within compacts bone at externals ends of the shaft, they enter the
perforating canals within the shaft.
Mechanosensitive - Answer Bone is this type of organ meaning it alters its structure to suit
its mechanical environment.
Wolff's Law - Answer Law which says bone will grow/remodel in response to stresses and
applied forces are put upon it.
Mechanotransduction - Answer The process by which physical forces are converted into
biochemical signals which are integrated into cellular response--- EX: mechanical loading
generates pressure gradients that drive interstitial fluid through the lacunar-canalicular system
that is "sensed" by the osteocytes.
Bone, anatomy - Answer ______ anatomy reflects applied ________.
Gravity and mechanical stress - Answer The two main forces that stimulate bone remodeling,
serves the needs of the skeleton.
Bone Remodeling - Answer The *continuous process*, stimulated by stress, of depositing
new bone and the removal (resorption) of old bone tissue. Occurs at BOTH periosteal and
endosteal surfaces and changes the amount of minerals deposited in skeleton (maintains Ca and
P levels in body fluids)
Things that effect the rate of bone remodeling - Answer 1. Age
2. compact (slower replaced)vs. sponge (faster replaced)
20% - Answer The approximate percentage of the adult skeleton that gets replaced yearly.
Appositional Growth - Answer A type of bone growth that increases a structure's width.
Growth occurs within the periosteum and along the medullary cavity (endosteum). In this type
of growth the bone matrix is deposited in layer parallel to the surface (circumferential lamellae).
Some of the matrix will be reabsorbed so that growth continues *PROPORTIONALLY* (not too
thick or thin).
Epiphyseal Cartilage(growth plate), osteoblasts - Answer As long as this can grow and
enlarge, the bone itsself will continue to increase in length. ______ (new bone) and this will
grow at the same rate.
