NU 545 EXAM 1
Study Guide
Physio-Patho Basis of Adv Nsg
University of South Alabama
This Study Guide contains:
✓ verified questions and Answers with Reference pg.
✓ key concepts
✓ advanced clinical reasoning.
✓ Designed to help nursing students master course
outcomes
✓ prepare for midterm or final exams with confidence.
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
Study Guide Unit 1
THE CELL, GENES and GENE-EVIRONMENT INTERACTION, and MECHANISMS of SELF-DEFENSE
Section 1: SPECIAL NOTES AND TIPS ABOUT THE STUDY GUIDE
The page numbers listed are for the eBook textbook, and the key search terms can be used with the "find" function. If you see the
abbreviation, "fig," that means there is a figure associated with that page number. If you see the abbreviation, "tab," that means there
is a table associated with that page number. If you see the abbreviation, “img,” that means there is a picture or image associated with
that page number.
Some abbreviations to know:
H+ Hydrogen ions
Na+ Sodium
Cl- Chloride
H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
H2O Water
O2 Oxygen
K+ Potassium
Ca2+ Calcium
Fe2+ Iron
Zn+ Zinc
HCO3- Bicarbonate
H2CO3 Carbonic acid
HPO42- Hydrogen phosphate
Mg2+ Magnesium
NaCl Sodium chloride
NaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonate
Do not mix up INTRA with INTER. Intracellular means within the cell, whereas intercellular means between cells.
Do not mix up ADSORB and ABSORB. Adsorb means the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved
solid to a surface, whereas absorb means a fluid is dissolved by or permeates a liquid or solid.
CHAPTER 1
What is metabolic absorption?
(p. 4, eBook key search term: "all cells take in")
Metabolic absorption – cells taking in and using nutrients and other substances from their surroundings.
§ For instance, cells of the intestine and the kidney are specialized to carry out absorption. Cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb
fluids and synthesize proteins, while intestinal epithelial cells absorb fluid and synthesize protein enzymes.
§ Cells become specialized through the process of differentiation, or maturation to eventually perform one of the 8 chief
cellular functions (including movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction,
and communication).
During cell injury, what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion?
(p. 17, & 64-fig., eBook key search term: "lysosomes (lyso")
Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex, and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes
called hydrolases. They function as the intracellular digestive system and are capable of digesting most cellular constituents
completely to their basic components (break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates down into amino acids, fatty
acids, and sugars). Disruption of the lysosomal membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal
enzymes or hydrolases, causing cellular self-digestion (or autodigestion).
§ Lysosomal storage diseases: Pompe disease, Tay-Sachs disease, and gout.
§ Lysosomes are crucial for normal digestion of cellular nutrients, intercellular debris, and potentially harmful extracellular
substances that must be removed from the body.
§ As cells complete their life span and die, lysosomes digest the resultant cellular debris in a process called autodigestion.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
In living cells, cellular debris is encapsulated within a vesicle that reacts with a lysosome to complete its degradation in a process
called autophagy, which promotes homeostasis through continuous biosynthesis and cell turnover.
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell?
(p. 7 eBook; Search term "two pliable The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of
membranes comprise") RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins (the histones) that
regulate its activity.
§ The primary functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic
NUCLEUS information, as well as the replication and repair of DNA and the
(located in the center of the cell) transcription of the information stored in DNA.
§ Remember: prokaryotes' nuclear material is not encased within a nuclear
PRIMARY FUNCTION of NUCLEUS = membrane and they do not contain histones.
Cell division and control of genetic § Histones bind to DNA to fold into chromosomes, which is essential for cell
information division of eukaryotes.
Other functions: replication and repair of
DNA; transcription of information stored in
DNA
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components?
(p. 29-40 eBook, 8th ed, eBook key search term: "membrane composition")
Cell membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer, where lipids and proteins are not uniformly distributed but can separate into discrete
units called microdomains. Different cell membranes may have different ratios of lipids to proteins; for instance, intracellular
membranes may have a higher percentage of proteins than do plasma membranes. Lipids and proteins act as the “molecular glue” for
the structural integrity of the membrane.
§ Lipid molecules are said to be polar or amphipathic, which means part hydrophobic (uncharged or "water hating" are
protected from water) and part hydrophilic (charged or "water loving" and submerged in water). These two incompatible
solubilities organize into the lipid bilayer.
§ The lipid bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances, while allowing lipid-soluble
molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to diffuse through readily. The most abundant lipids are
phospholipids. They are key for repairing the membrane—they tend to spontaneously rearrange themselves to avoid a tear
by folding on themselves and forming a sealed compartment. The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential
functions of the plasma membrane: it is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water)
because they are insoluble to the oily core region.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
§ Proteins: perform most of the plasma membrane’s specific tasks. A protein is made from a chain of amino acids known
as polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in proteins, and each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino
acids. Proteins go through translation and use Posttranslation Modifications (PTMs) to diversify proteins generated. PTMs
alter activities and functions of proteins which make them essential in understanding disease. Proteins are major workhorses
of the cell. Proteins facilitate transport across membranes by serving as receptors, enzymes, or transporters. Proteins act as
(1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of the cell; (2) pores or transport channels for
various electrically charged particles called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides;
(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of certain ions; (4) cell surface markers, such as
glycoproteins that identify a cell to its neighbor; (5) cell adhesion molecules.
§ Proteases are enzymes that cause the breakdown of proteins and can be tethered to cell membranes. Proteases are involved in
the physiologic regulation of essential processes by participating in the proteolytic cascade.
§ Carbohydrates (oligosaccharides) contained within the plasma membrane are generally bound to membrane proteins
(glycoproteins) and lipids (glycolipids). Intercellular recognition, which is required for tissue formation, is an important
function of membrane oligosaccharides.
§ Membrane proteins span bilayer and mediate functions such as transport of molecules and ATP synthesis.
Know the 4 phrases of the cell cycle
(p. 95 eBook key search term: “cell cycle”)
The cell cycle is an ordered sequence of events that occur in a
cell in preparation for cell division. The four phases of the cell
cycle are:
INTERPHASE: cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA
1. the G1 phase (G = gap, 1st gap phase): the cell grows
physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the
molecular building blocks it will need in later (the start
of DNA synthesis)
2. the S phase (S = synthesis): the cell synthesizes a
complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus; it also
duplicates microtubule-organizing structure called the
centrosome (help separate DNA during M phase)
3. the G2 phase (2nd gap phase): the cell grows more,
makes proteins/RNA and organelles, and begins to
reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis;
prepares to divide
**G2 phase ends when mitosis begins**
MITOTIC PHASE: the cell separates its DNA into two sets
and divides its cytoplasm, forming two new cells
4. the M phase (M = mitosis): the cell divides its copied
DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells via two
distinct division-related processes mitosis and
cytokinesis
The stages G1, S, and G2 make up interphase. inter means
between, reflecting that interphase takes place between one
mitotic (M) phase and the next.
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells?
(pp. 136 eBook 8th ed, eBook key search term: “best known pump”)
The sodium (Na+)–potassium (K+) pump (or sodium-potassium-dependent ATPase pump, or sodium-potassium antiport system)
continuously regulates the cell's volume by controlling leaks through pores or protein channels, as well as maintains the ionic
concentration gradient necessary for cellular excitation and membrane conductivity. This pump system moves Na+ out of the cell and
K+ into the cell using energy directly from ATP via a transporter protein called adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The resting
plasma membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+, K+ can diffuse easily from its area of higher concentration in the ICF to its
area of lower concentration in the ECF.
§ For every ATP molecule hydrolyzed, three Na+ move out of and two K+ move into cell.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
Study Guide
Physio-Patho Basis of Adv Nsg
University of South Alabama
This Study Guide contains:
✓ verified questions and Answers with Reference pg.
✓ key concepts
✓ advanced clinical reasoning.
✓ Designed to help nursing students master course
outcomes
✓ prepare for midterm or final exams with confidence.
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
Study Guide Unit 1
THE CELL, GENES and GENE-EVIRONMENT INTERACTION, and MECHANISMS of SELF-DEFENSE
Section 1: SPECIAL NOTES AND TIPS ABOUT THE STUDY GUIDE
The page numbers listed are for the eBook textbook, and the key search terms can be used with the "find" function. If you see the
abbreviation, "fig," that means there is a figure associated with that page number. If you see the abbreviation, "tab," that means there
is a table associated with that page number. If you see the abbreviation, “img,” that means there is a picture or image associated with
that page number.
Some abbreviations to know:
H+ Hydrogen ions
Na+ Sodium
Cl- Chloride
H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
H2O Water
O2 Oxygen
K+ Potassium
Ca2+ Calcium
Fe2+ Iron
Zn+ Zinc
HCO3- Bicarbonate
H2CO3 Carbonic acid
HPO42- Hydrogen phosphate
Mg2+ Magnesium
NaCl Sodium chloride
NaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonate
Do not mix up INTRA with INTER. Intracellular means within the cell, whereas intercellular means between cells.
Do not mix up ADSORB and ABSORB. Adsorb means the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved
solid to a surface, whereas absorb means a fluid is dissolved by or permeates a liquid or solid.
CHAPTER 1
What is metabolic absorption?
(p. 4, eBook key search term: "all cells take in")
Metabolic absorption – cells taking in and using nutrients and other substances from their surroundings.
§ For instance, cells of the intestine and the kidney are specialized to carry out absorption. Cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb
fluids and synthesize proteins, while intestinal epithelial cells absorb fluid and synthesize protein enzymes.
§ Cells become specialized through the process of differentiation, or maturation to eventually perform one of the 8 chief
cellular functions (including movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction,
and communication).
During cell injury, what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion?
(p. 17, & 64-fig., eBook key search term: "lysosomes (lyso")
Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex, and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes
called hydrolases. They function as the intracellular digestive system and are capable of digesting most cellular constituents
completely to their basic components (break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates down into amino acids, fatty
acids, and sugars). Disruption of the lysosomal membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal
enzymes or hydrolases, causing cellular self-digestion (or autodigestion).
§ Lysosomal storage diseases: Pompe disease, Tay-Sachs disease, and gout.
§ Lysosomes are crucial for normal digestion of cellular nutrients, intercellular debris, and potentially harmful extracellular
substances that must be removed from the body.
§ As cells complete their life span and die, lysosomes digest the resultant cellular debris in a process called autodigestion.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
In living cells, cellular debris is encapsulated within a vesicle that reacts with a lysosome to complete its degradation in a process
called autophagy, which promotes homeostasis through continuous biosynthesis and cell turnover.
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell?
(p. 7 eBook; Search term "two pliable The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of
membranes comprise") RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins (the histones) that
regulate its activity.
§ The primary functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic
NUCLEUS information, as well as the replication and repair of DNA and the
(located in the center of the cell) transcription of the information stored in DNA.
§ Remember: prokaryotes' nuclear material is not encased within a nuclear
PRIMARY FUNCTION of NUCLEUS = membrane and they do not contain histones.
Cell division and control of genetic § Histones bind to DNA to fold into chromosomes, which is essential for cell
information division of eukaryotes.
Other functions: replication and repair of
DNA; transcription of information stored in
DNA
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components?
(p. 29-40 eBook, 8th ed, eBook key search term: "membrane composition")
Cell membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer, where lipids and proteins are not uniformly distributed but can separate into discrete
units called microdomains. Different cell membranes may have different ratios of lipids to proteins; for instance, intracellular
membranes may have a higher percentage of proteins than do plasma membranes. Lipids and proteins act as the “molecular glue” for
the structural integrity of the membrane.
§ Lipid molecules are said to be polar or amphipathic, which means part hydrophobic (uncharged or "water hating" are
protected from water) and part hydrophilic (charged or "water loving" and submerged in water). These two incompatible
solubilities organize into the lipid bilayer.
§ The lipid bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances, while allowing lipid-soluble
molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to diffuse through readily. The most abundant lipids are
phospholipids. They are key for repairing the membrane—they tend to spontaneously rearrange themselves to avoid a tear
by folding on themselves and forming a sealed compartment. The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential
functions of the plasma membrane: it is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water)
because they are insoluble to the oily core region.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
§ Proteins: perform most of the plasma membrane’s specific tasks. A protein is made from a chain of amino acids known
as polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in proteins, and each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino
acids. Proteins go through translation and use Posttranslation Modifications (PTMs) to diversify proteins generated. PTMs
alter activities and functions of proteins which make them essential in understanding disease. Proteins are major workhorses
of the cell. Proteins facilitate transport across membranes by serving as receptors, enzymes, or transporters. Proteins act as
(1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of the cell; (2) pores or transport channels for
various electrically charged particles called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides;
(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of certain ions; (4) cell surface markers, such as
glycoproteins that identify a cell to its neighbor; (5) cell adhesion molecules.
§ Proteases are enzymes that cause the breakdown of proteins and can be tethered to cell membranes. Proteases are involved in
the physiologic regulation of essential processes by participating in the proteolytic cascade.
§ Carbohydrates (oligosaccharides) contained within the plasma membrane are generally bound to membrane proteins
(glycoproteins) and lipids (glycolipids). Intercellular recognition, which is required for tissue formation, is an important
function of membrane oligosaccharides.
§ Membrane proteins span bilayer and mediate functions such as transport of molecules and ATP synthesis.
Know the 4 phrases of the cell cycle
(p. 95 eBook key search term: “cell cycle”)
The cell cycle is an ordered sequence of events that occur in a
cell in preparation for cell division. The four phases of the cell
cycle are:
INTERPHASE: cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA
1. the G1 phase (G = gap, 1st gap phase): the cell grows
physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the
molecular building blocks it will need in later (the start
of DNA synthesis)
2. the S phase (S = synthesis): the cell synthesizes a
complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus; it also
duplicates microtubule-organizing structure called the
centrosome (help separate DNA during M phase)
3. the G2 phase (2nd gap phase): the cell grows more,
makes proteins/RNA and organelles, and begins to
reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis;
prepares to divide
**G2 phase ends when mitosis begins**
MITOTIC PHASE: the cell separates its DNA into two sets
and divides its cytoplasm, forming two new cells
4. the M phase (M = mitosis): the cell divides its copied
DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells via two
distinct division-related processes mitosis and
cytokinesis
The stages G1, S, and G2 make up interphase. inter means
between, reflecting that interphase takes place between one
mitotic (M) phase and the next.
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells?
(pp. 136 eBook 8th ed, eBook key search term: “best known pump”)
The sodium (Na+)–potassium (K+) pump (or sodium-potassium-dependent ATPase pump, or sodium-potassium antiport system)
continuously regulates the cell's volume by controlling leaks through pores or protein channels, as well as maintains the ionic
concentration gradient necessary for cellular excitation and membrane conductivity. This pump system moves Na+ out of the cell and
K+ into the cell using energy directly from ATP via a transporter protein called adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The resting
plasma membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+, K+ can diffuse easily from its area of higher concentration in the ICF to its
area of lower concentration in the ECF.
§ For every ATP molecule hydrolyzed, three Na+ move out of and two K+ move into cell.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca ()
