POS 3703
FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH DETAILED ANSWERS
Test of Statistical Significance - ANSWER-Decides whether an observed relationship between
an independent and dependent variable exists in the population.
Measure of Association - ANSWER-How well the independent variable works in explaining the
dependent variable.
Null Hypothesis - ANSWER-In the population there is no relationship between the independent
and dependent variable.
Ho
Alternative Hypothesis - ANSWER-HA
Type I Error - ANSWER-When the researcher concludes that there is a relationship when there is
none.
Type II Error - ANSWER-When the researcher infers that there is no relationship when there is
one.
.05 Level of Significance - ANSWER-The minimum standard.
If the p-value for a correlation coefficient is .005 it is significant at - ANSWER-99% confidence.
Standard Error of the Difference - ANSWER-1.) Square each mean's standard error.
2.) Sum the squared errors.
3.) Take the square root of the sum.
Confidence Interval Approach - ANSWER-Uses standard error to determine the smallest
plausible mean difference in the population.
P-Value Approach - ANSWER-Determines the exact probability of obtaining the observed
sample difference under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.
Two-Tailed Test of Statistical Significance - ANSWER-Finding the upper and lower limits of
random sampling error.
Test Statistic - ANSWER-Tells us how many standard errors separate the sample difference from
zero.
Chi-Square Test of Significance - ANSWER-Helps determine statistical significance when using
nominal and ordinal level data.
FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH DETAILED ANSWERS
Test of Statistical Significance - ANSWER-Decides whether an observed relationship between
an independent and dependent variable exists in the population.
Measure of Association - ANSWER-How well the independent variable works in explaining the
dependent variable.
Null Hypothesis - ANSWER-In the population there is no relationship between the independent
and dependent variable.
Ho
Alternative Hypothesis - ANSWER-HA
Type I Error - ANSWER-When the researcher concludes that there is a relationship when there is
none.
Type II Error - ANSWER-When the researcher infers that there is no relationship when there is
one.
.05 Level of Significance - ANSWER-The minimum standard.
If the p-value for a correlation coefficient is .005 it is significant at - ANSWER-99% confidence.
Standard Error of the Difference - ANSWER-1.) Square each mean's standard error.
2.) Sum the squared errors.
3.) Take the square root of the sum.
Confidence Interval Approach - ANSWER-Uses standard error to determine the smallest
plausible mean difference in the population.
P-Value Approach - ANSWER-Determines the exact probability of obtaining the observed
sample difference under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.
Two-Tailed Test of Statistical Significance - ANSWER-Finding the upper and lower limits of
random sampling error.
Test Statistic - ANSWER-Tells us how many standard errors separate the sample difference from
zero.
Chi-Square Test of Significance - ANSWER-Helps determine statistical significance when using
nominal and ordinal level data.
