PMB 2022
FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Plant - ANSWER-A complex, multicellular, autotrophic organism generally well adapted to a
terrestrial existence.
Autotroph - ANSWER-An organism that makes its own food (organic
molecules) from inorganic molecules.
Heterotrophic - ANSWER-Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other
organisms.
Three domains of life - ANSWER-Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Domain of plants and animals - ANSWER-Eukarya
Prokaryotes - ANSWER-Includes bacteria and archaea; cells with no nucleus
Eukaryotes - ANSWER-Organisms that have true nuclei (in a distinct
location) and membrane-bound organelles
Endosymbiosis - ANSWER-symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the
other. Chloroplasts and mitochondria originated through this.
Endosymbiotic theory - ANSWER-Suggests that eukaryotes evolved when different types of free-
living prokaryotes were incorporated inside larger later eukaryotic cells (engulfed but not
digested).
Order of evolutionary events - ANSWER-early prokaryotes (some had photosynthetic
chloroplasts and some had mitochondria) → early eukaryotes (with membrane-bound DNA) →
later eukaryotes (all have mitochondria but some have both mitochondria and chloroplasts) →
green algae →
land plants (land plants = plants that evolved once from a group of early green algae).
Unique to plant cells - ANSWER-Cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts
Membranes - ANSWER-Selectively permeable
Cell wall - ANSWER-Main component is cellulose; covers the plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER-Microtubules and microfibers are made of proteins that are the
scaffolding of the cell; guides movement of organelles, as seen in cytoplasmic streaming
, Vacuole - ANSWER-Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and
carbohydrates; gives plant structure
Chloroplast function - ANSWER-Site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast structure - ANSWER-Outer membrane, inner membrane, and thylakoid membrane
Common features of chloroplasts and mitochondria - ANSWER-Semi-autonomous organelles;
both are the products of
endosymbiosis, both divide by fission (as in bacteria), both have circular chromosomal DNA (as
in bacteria), both are a similar size as bacteria, and both have bacteria-like ribosomes but
depend on the import of nuclear encoded proteins from the cell nucleus.
Plasmodesmata - ANSWER-Cellular connections in plants. The plasma membrane is continuous
through them, so are the cytoplasm and ER.
Cell cycle phases - ANSWER-Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
Interphase - ANSWER-G1, S, G2
S phase of Interphase - ANSWER-DNA replication occurs
Endoreduplication - ANSWER-Increases amount of DNA per nucleus without increasing the
number of nuclei or number of cell.
Mitosis - ANSWER-Nuclear division
Cytokinesis - ANSWER-Division of the protoplast (entire cell)
Stages of Mitosis - ANSWER-Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Prophase - ANSWER-Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle pole
develops, spindle microtubules (aka spindle fibers) attach to kinetochores of chromosomes
Metaphase - ANSWER-Spindle poles arrive at opposite sides of cell, chromosomes
pushed/pulled by microtubules to align on equatorial plane of cell division
Anaphase - ANSWER-Sister chromatids move along the microtubules and are pulled apart
toward the poles
Telophase - ANSWER-Nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decondense, spindle disappears,
phragmoplasts and cell plate start to form between separated nuclei (mostly reversal of
prophase)
Phragmoplast - ANSWER-structure that forms during late cytokinesis; serves as a scaffold for cell
plate assembly and subsequent formation of a new cell wall separating the two daughter cells.
FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Plant - ANSWER-A complex, multicellular, autotrophic organism generally well adapted to a
terrestrial existence.
Autotroph - ANSWER-An organism that makes its own food (organic
molecules) from inorganic molecules.
Heterotrophic - ANSWER-Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other
organisms.
Three domains of life - ANSWER-Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Domain of plants and animals - ANSWER-Eukarya
Prokaryotes - ANSWER-Includes bacteria and archaea; cells with no nucleus
Eukaryotes - ANSWER-Organisms that have true nuclei (in a distinct
location) and membrane-bound organelles
Endosymbiosis - ANSWER-symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the
other. Chloroplasts and mitochondria originated through this.
Endosymbiotic theory - ANSWER-Suggests that eukaryotes evolved when different types of free-
living prokaryotes were incorporated inside larger later eukaryotic cells (engulfed but not
digested).
Order of evolutionary events - ANSWER-early prokaryotes (some had photosynthetic
chloroplasts and some had mitochondria) → early eukaryotes (with membrane-bound DNA) →
later eukaryotes (all have mitochondria but some have both mitochondria and chloroplasts) →
green algae →
land plants (land plants = plants that evolved once from a group of early green algae).
Unique to plant cells - ANSWER-Cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts
Membranes - ANSWER-Selectively permeable
Cell wall - ANSWER-Main component is cellulose; covers the plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER-Microtubules and microfibers are made of proteins that are the
scaffolding of the cell; guides movement of organelles, as seen in cytoplasmic streaming
, Vacuole - ANSWER-Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and
carbohydrates; gives plant structure
Chloroplast function - ANSWER-Site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast structure - ANSWER-Outer membrane, inner membrane, and thylakoid membrane
Common features of chloroplasts and mitochondria - ANSWER-Semi-autonomous organelles;
both are the products of
endosymbiosis, both divide by fission (as in bacteria), both have circular chromosomal DNA (as
in bacteria), both are a similar size as bacteria, and both have bacteria-like ribosomes but
depend on the import of nuclear encoded proteins from the cell nucleus.
Plasmodesmata - ANSWER-Cellular connections in plants. The plasma membrane is continuous
through them, so are the cytoplasm and ER.
Cell cycle phases - ANSWER-Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
Interphase - ANSWER-G1, S, G2
S phase of Interphase - ANSWER-DNA replication occurs
Endoreduplication - ANSWER-Increases amount of DNA per nucleus without increasing the
number of nuclei or number of cell.
Mitosis - ANSWER-Nuclear division
Cytokinesis - ANSWER-Division of the protoplast (entire cell)
Stages of Mitosis - ANSWER-Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Prophase - ANSWER-Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle pole
develops, spindle microtubules (aka spindle fibers) attach to kinetochores of chromosomes
Metaphase - ANSWER-Spindle poles arrive at opposite sides of cell, chromosomes
pushed/pulled by microtubules to align on equatorial plane of cell division
Anaphase - ANSWER-Sister chromatids move along the microtubules and are pulled apart
toward the poles
Telophase - ANSWER-Nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decondense, spindle disappears,
phragmoplasts and cell plate start to form between separated nuclei (mostly reversal of
prophase)
Phragmoplast - ANSWER-structure that forms during late cytokinesis; serves as a scaffold for cell
plate assembly and subsequent formation of a new cell wall separating the two daughter cells.
