PALS 2025 ELITE REVIEW STUDY GUIDE
SUMMARY WITH SOLVED QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS FOR 2026
SUCCESS
◉What are the causes of secondary bradycardia? Answer: Hypoxia,
hypotension, hypothermia, acidosis, drugs.
◉What are the causes of primary bradycardia? Answer: Congenital or
acquired heart conditions.
◉What are the ECG characteristics of bradycardia? Answer: P wave
and QRS may be unrelated.
Heart rate slow for age.
QRS may be narrow or wide.
◉In what patients would asymptomatic bradycardia not be problematic?
Answer: A well-conditioned athlete.
A healthy child who is sleeping.
◉Define bradycardia. Answer: A heart rate that is:
- slow for normal range
, - activity
- clinical condition
◉What is the leading cause of symptomatic bradycardia? Answer:
Tissue hypoxia.
◉What is the dose for epinephrine? Answer: Epinephrine every 3-5
mins
- 0.01 mg/kg IV
- 0.1 mg/kg ETT
◉In what conditions is atropine preferred over epinephrine as 1st choice
treatment of symptomatic bradycardia? Answer: When the bradycardia
is due to:
- excessive vagal tone
- cholinergic drug toxicity, e.g. organophosphates
- complete AV block (primary bradycardia)
◉What is the dose for atropine? Answer: Atropine 0.02 mg/kg IV
◉What clinical findings may be present in a child with
tachyarrhythmia? Answer: Syncope, light-headedness, palpitations.
SUMMARY WITH SOLVED QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS FOR 2026
SUCCESS
◉What are the causes of secondary bradycardia? Answer: Hypoxia,
hypotension, hypothermia, acidosis, drugs.
◉What are the causes of primary bradycardia? Answer: Congenital or
acquired heart conditions.
◉What are the ECG characteristics of bradycardia? Answer: P wave
and QRS may be unrelated.
Heart rate slow for age.
QRS may be narrow or wide.
◉In what patients would asymptomatic bradycardia not be problematic?
Answer: A well-conditioned athlete.
A healthy child who is sleeping.
◉Define bradycardia. Answer: A heart rate that is:
- slow for normal range
, - activity
- clinical condition
◉What is the leading cause of symptomatic bradycardia? Answer:
Tissue hypoxia.
◉What is the dose for epinephrine? Answer: Epinephrine every 3-5
mins
- 0.01 mg/kg IV
- 0.1 mg/kg ETT
◉In what conditions is atropine preferred over epinephrine as 1st choice
treatment of symptomatic bradycardia? Answer: When the bradycardia
is due to:
- excessive vagal tone
- cholinergic drug toxicity, e.g. organophosphates
- complete AV block (primary bradycardia)
◉What is the dose for atropine? Answer: Atropine 0.02 mg/kg IV
◉What clinical findings may be present in a child with
tachyarrhythmia? Answer: Syncope, light-headedness, palpitations.
