NASM CES Final Exam Review
Neuromuscular efficiency - Answer-The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow agonists,
antagonists, synergists, and stablilzers to work synergistically to produce, reduce, and dynamically
stabilize the kinetic chain in all three planes of motion.
Posture - Answer-The independent and interdependent alignment (static posture) and function
(transitional and dynamic posture) of all components of the human movement system at any given
moment; controlled by the central nervous system.
Structural efficiency - Answer-The alignment of each segment of the human movement system (HMS),
which allows posture to be balanced in relation to one's center of gravity.
Functional efficiency - Answer-The ability of the neuromuscular system to recruit correct muscle
synergies, at the right time, with the appropriate amount of force to perform functional tasks with the
least amount of energy and stress on the human movement system.
Cumulative injury cycle - Answer-A cycle in which an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm,
adhesion, altered neuromusclular control, and muscle imbalances.
Movement impairment syndrome - Answer-Refers to the state in which the structural integrity of the
human movement system (HMS) is compromised because the components are out of alignment.
Altered reciprocal inhibition - Answer-The process whereby a tight muscle (short, overactive, myofascial
adhesions) causes decreased neural drive and therefore optimal recruitment of its functional antagonist.
Synergistic dominance - Answer-The process by which a synergist compenstates for a prime mover to
maintain force production.
,Lower extremity movement impairment syndrome - Answer-Usually characterized by excessive foot
pronation (flat feet), increased knee valgus (tibia externally rotated and femur internally rotated and
adducted or knock-kneed), and increased movement at the lumbo-pelvic-hip-complex (extension or
flexion) during functional movements.
Upper extremity movement impairment syndrome - Answer-Usually characterized as having rounded
shoulders and a forward head posture or improper scapulothoracic or glenohumeral kinematics during
functional movements.
Lengthening Techniques - Answer-2nd phase in the Corrective Exercise Continuum is to lengthen those
overactive or tight neuromyofascial tissues.
Lengthening - Answer-refers to the elongation of mechanically shortened muscle and connective
tissuenecessary to increase range of motion (ROM) at the tissue and joint.
2 most common methods of stretching: - Answer-Static stretching
Neuromuscular stretching
Static stretching - Answer-Combines low force with long duration using autogenic inhibition. This form of
stretching allows for relaxation and concomitant elongation of muscle. To perform static stretching, the
stretch is held at the first point of tension or resistance barrier for 30 seconds. Performed solo
Neuromuscular stretching - Answer-commonly called proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation,or PNF
involves taking the muscle to its end ROM (point of joint compensation), actively contracting the muscle
to be stretched for 7 -15 seconds, then passively moving the joint to a new end ROM and holding this
position for 20-30 seconds.
Recurrent inhibition - Answer-A feedback circuit that can decrease the excitability of motor neurons via
the interneuron called the Renshaw cell.
,Stretch reflex - Answer-A muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle.
Static stretching is characterized by: - Answer-The elongation of neuromyofascial tissue to an end-range
and statically holding that position fora period of time.
Maximal control of structural alignment
Minimal acceleration into and out of the elongated (stretch) position.
Neuromuscular stretching is (NMS) characterized by: - Answer-Taking the muscle to its end ROM (point
of joint compensation)
Active contraction of the muscle to be stretched
Passively (or actively) moving to a new end ROM
Statically holding new position for 20-30 seconds and repeating 3 times.
Neuromuscular stretching - Answer-Is a technique that involves a process of isometrically contracting a
desired muscle in a lengthened position to induce a relazation response on the tissue, allowing it to
further elongate. Requires the assistance of another person.
Autogenic inhibition - Answer-The process when neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the
impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles
What is the origin of the Anterior Tibialis? - Answer-The lateral condyle and proximal two thirds f the
lateral surface of the tibia
What is the origin of the Posterior Tibilais ? - Answer-Proximal two thirds surface of the tibia and fibula
What is the origin of the Soleus? - Answer-Posterior surface of the fibular head and proximal one third
of its shaft and the posterior side of the tibia
, What is the origin of the Gastrocnemius? - Answer-Posterior aspect of the lateral and medial femoral
condyles
What is the origin of Peroneus Longus? - Answer-Lateral condyle of the tibia, head and proximal two
thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula
What is the origin of the long head of Biceps Femoris? - Answer-Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis and part
of the sacrotuberous ligament
What is the origin of the short head of Biceps Femoris? - Answer-Lower one third of the posterior aspect
of the femur
What is the origin of Semimembranosus? - Answer-Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis
What is the origin of Semitendinosus? - Answer-Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis and part of the
sacrotuberous ligament
What is the origin of Vastus Lateralis? - Answer-Anterior and inferior border of the greater trochanter,
lateral region of the gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur
What is the origin of Vastus Medialis? - Answer-Lower region of the intertrochanteric line, medial lip of
the linea aspera, proximal medial supracondylar line of the femur
What is the origin of Vastus Intermedius? - Answer-Anterior-lateral regions of the upper two thirds of
the femur
What is the origin of Rectus femoris? - Answer-Anterior-inferior illiac spine of the pelvis
Neuromuscular efficiency - Answer-The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow agonists,
antagonists, synergists, and stablilzers to work synergistically to produce, reduce, and dynamically
stabilize the kinetic chain in all three planes of motion.
Posture - Answer-The independent and interdependent alignment (static posture) and function
(transitional and dynamic posture) of all components of the human movement system at any given
moment; controlled by the central nervous system.
Structural efficiency - Answer-The alignment of each segment of the human movement system (HMS),
which allows posture to be balanced in relation to one's center of gravity.
Functional efficiency - Answer-The ability of the neuromuscular system to recruit correct muscle
synergies, at the right time, with the appropriate amount of force to perform functional tasks with the
least amount of energy and stress on the human movement system.
Cumulative injury cycle - Answer-A cycle in which an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm,
adhesion, altered neuromusclular control, and muscle imbalances.
Movement impairment syndrome - Answer-Refers to the state in which the structural integrity of the
human movement system (HMS) is compromised because the components are out of alignment.
Altered reciprocal inhibition - Answer-The process whereby a tight muscle (short, overactive, myofascial
adhesions) causes decreased neural drive and therefore optimal recruitment of its functional antagonist.
Synergistic dominance - Answer-The process by which a synergist compenstates for a prime mover to
maintain force production.
,Lower extremity movement impairment syndrome - Answer-Usually characterized by excessive foot
pronation (flat feet), increased knee valgus (tibia externally rotated and femur internally rotated and
adducted or knock-kneed), and increased movement at the lumbo-pelvic-hip-complex (extension or
flexion) during functional movements.
Upper extremity movement impairment syndrome - Answer-Usually characterized as having rounded
shoulders and a forward head posture or improper scapulothoracic or glenohumeral kinematics during
functional movements.
Lengthening Techniques - Answer-2nd phase in the Corrective Exercise Continuum is to lengthen those
overactive or tight neuromyofascial tissues.
Lengthening - Answer-refers to the elongation of mechanically shortened muscle and connective
tissuenecessary to increase range of motion (ROM) at the tissue and joint.
2 most common methods of stretching: - Answer-Static stretching
Neuromuscular stretching
Static stretching - Answer-Combines low force with long duration using autogenic inhibition. This form of
stretching allows for relaxation and concomitant elongation of muscle. To perform static stretching, the
stretch is held at the first point of tension or resistance barrier for 30 seconds. Performed solo
Neuromuscular stretching - Answer-commonly called proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation,or PNF
involves taking the muscle to its end ROM (point of joint compensation), actively contracting the muscle
to be stretched for 7 -15 seconds, then passively moving the joint to a new end ROM and holding this
position for 20-30 seconds.
Recurrent inhibition - Answer-A feedback circuit that can decrease the excitability of motor neurons via
the interneuron called the Renshaw cell.
,Stretch reflex - Answer-A muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle.
Static stretching is characterized by: - Answer-The elongation of neuromyofascial tissue to an end-range
and statically holding that position fora period of time.
Maximal control of structural alignment
Minimal acceleration into and out of the elongated (stretch) position.
Neuromuscular stretching is (NMS) characterized by: - Answer-Taking the muscle to its end ROM (point
of joint compensation)
Active contraction of the muscle to be stretched
Passively (or actively) moving to a new end ROM
Statically holding new position for 20-30 seconds and repeating 3 times.
Neuromuscular stretching - Answer-Is a technique that involves a process of isometrically contracting a
desired muscle in a lengthened position to induce a relazation response on the tissue, allowing it to
further elongate. Requires the assistance of another person.
Autogenic inhibition - Answer-The process when neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the
impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles
What is the origin of the Anterior Tibialis? - Answer-The lateral condyle and proximal two thirds f the
lateral surface of the tibia
What is the origin of the Posterior Tibilais ? - Answer-Proximal two thirds surface of the tibia and fibula
What is the origin of the Soleus? - Answer-Posterior surface of the fibular head and proximal one third
of its shaft and the posterior side of the tibia
, What is the origin of the Gastrocnemius? - Answer-Posterior aspect of the lateral and medial femoral
condyles
What is the origin of Peroneus Longus? - Answer-Lateral condyle of the tibia, head and proximal two
thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula
What is the origin of the long head of Biceps Femoris? - Answer-Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis and part
of the sacrotuberous ligament
What is the origin of the short head of Biceps Femoris? - Answer-Lower one third of the posterior aspect
of the femur
What is the origin of Semimembranosus? - Answer-Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis
What is the origin of Semitendinosus? - Answer-Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis and part of the
sacrotuberous ligament
What is the origin of Vastus Lateralis? - Answer-Anterior and inferior border of the greater trochanter,
lateral region of the gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur
What is the origin of Vastus Medialis? - Answer-Lower region of the intertrochanteric line, medial lip of
the linea aspera, proximal medial supracondylar line of the femur
What is the origin of Vastus Intermedius? - Answer-Anterior-lateral regions of the upper two thirds of
the femur
What is the origin of Rectus femoris? - Answer-Anterior-inferior illiac spine of the pelvis
