Goodman And Gilman's Antibiotics and Antivirals Questions with Answers | Latest Updated 2026

Goodman And Gilman's Antibiotics and Antivirals Questions with Answers | Latest Updated 2026 Between patient variability - answer-each patient with same dose of drug achieves pharmacokinetic parameters that differ within patient variability - answer-aka inter-occasion, same drug, same dose two different occasions and the patient may still get a different concentration-time profile what are some factors that can cause different variability among and within patients? - answer-weight, genetics, comorbidity (kidney and liver function) , interaciton with another medicaiton, etc. Lowest concentration of the agent that prevents visible growth afte r18-24 h is - answer-minimum inhibitory concentration six reasons antimicrobial resistance development may occur - answer-1. reduced entry of antibiotic into pathogen 2. Enhanced export of antibiotic by efflux pumps 3. release of microbial enzymes that destroy the antibiotic 4. alteration of microbial proteins that transform prodrugs to the effective moieties 5. alteration of target proteins 6. development of alternative pathways to those inhibited by the antibiotic Chemoprophylaxis of malaria - answer-because no antimalarial drug kills sporozoites, it is not truly possible to prevent infection, drugs can only prevent the development of symptomatic malaria caused by the asexual erythrocytic formsTreatment of an established malaria infection - answer-no single antimalarial drug is effective against all liver and intra-erythrocytic stages of the life cycle so complete elimination may requrie more than one drug First group of antimalrial agents: artemisinins, chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine and quinidine, pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine, tetracycline - answer-not reliably effective against primary or latent liver stages, action is directed against the asexual blood stages responsible for disease second group of antimalrial agents: atovaquone and proguanil - answer-target not only the asexual erythrocytic forms but also the primary liver stages of P. falciparum Third group of antimalrial agents: only primaquine - answer-effective against primary and latent liver stages as well as gametocytes which drugs are used for prophylaxsis against malaria - answer-Chloroquine (but some resistance so also mefloquine and atovaquone-proguanil) Cornerstone therapy for amebiasis - answer-metronidazole or its analogs tinidazole and ornidazole Treatment of giardia - answer-metronidazole treatment of trichomoniasis - answer-Metronidazole treatment of toxoplasmosis - answer-pyrimethamine (antifolate) and sulfadiazine and folinic acid Treatment of cryptospridiosis - answer-only treat in immunocompromized, use highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients with Crypto Trypanosomiasis treatment - answer-pentamidine and suramin treatment of chaga's disease - answer-nifurtimox (only get it it at CDC) and benznidazole