SCI 221 NIghtINgale College -FINal exam SCI
221 QueStIoNS wIth Complete SolutIoNS.
To0accomplish0self-
regulation,0a0highly0complex0and0integrated0communication0control0system0or0network0is0require
d.0This0type0of0network0is0called0a(n)0-0Answer0:00feedback0control0loop.
Local0control0or0_____,0intrinsic0mechanisms0often0make0use0of0chemical0signals.0-
0Answer0:00autoregulation
The0impact0of0effector0activity0on0sensors0may0be0positive0or0negative.0Therefore,0homeostatic0co
ntrol0mechanisms0are0categorized0as0-
0Answer0:00organs0that0are0directly0influenced0by0physiological0variables0or0mechanisms.
The0normal0reading0or0range0is0called0the0-0Answer0:00set0point.
Events0that0lead0to0an0immune0response0to0an0infection0or0the0formation0of0a0blood0clot0are0exa
mples0of0-0Answer0:00positive0feedback
The0concept0that0information0may0flow0ahead0to0another0process0to0trigger0a0change0in0anticipati
on0of0an0event0that0will0follow0is0called0-0Answer0:00feed-forward.
Processes0for0maintaining0or0restoring0homeostasis0are0known0as0-
0Answer0:00homeostatic0control0mechanisms.
Homeostatic0Control0Mechanisms0-0Answer0:00receptor,0control0center,0effector
receptor,0control0center,0effector0-
0Answer0:00List0the0three0basic0components0of0a0feedback0system.
What0term0describes0a0signal0traveling0toward0a0particular0center0or0point0of0reference?0-
0Answer0:00afferent
Effectors0can0be0described0as0-
0Answer0:00organs0that0directly0influence0controlled0physiological0variables.
Many0complex0processes0of0the0body0are0coordinated0at0many0levels.0These0include0-
0Answer0:00intracellular,0intrinsic0and0extrinsic
Which0level0of0control0operates0at0the0cell0level,0often0using0genes0and0enzymes0to0regulate0cell0f
unction?0-0Answer0:00intracellular0regulation
The0relatively0constant0state0maintained0by0the0body0is0known0as0-0Answer0:00homeostasis.
The0body0naturally0changes0some0set0points0to0different0values0at0different0times0of0the0day.0Thes
e0daily0cyles0are0called0-0Answer0:00circadian0cycles.
, Because0negative0feedback0control0systems0oppose0changes0that0are0opposite0in0direction0to0the0
initial0disturbance,0they0are0-0Answer0:00slowed0or0maintained0in0the0homeostatic0range.
Of0the0110major0body0systems,0which0is0the0least0involved0in0maintaining0homeostasis?0-
0Answer0:00Reproductive
If0the0secretion0of0oxytocin0during0childbirth0operated0as0a0negative-
feedback0control0loop,0what0effect0would0it0have0on0uterine0contractions?0-
0Answer0:00Oxytocin0would0inhibit0uterine0contractions.
Which0of0the0following0is0not0one0of0the0basic0components0in0a0feedback0control0loop?0-
0Answer0:00Transmitter
Homeostasis0can0best0be0described0as:0-0Answer0:00a0state0of0relative0constancy
Epidemiology0is0the0study0of0the0_____0of0diseases0in0human0populations.0-
0Answer0:00occurrence,0distribution,0transmission
intrinsic0control0-0Answer0:00is0sometimes0called0autoregulation
Which0of0the0following0is0a0protein0substance0with0no0DNA0or0RNA0and0is0thought0to0be0the0cause
0of0mad0cow0disease?0-0Answer0:00Prion
Which0of0the0following0may0put0one0at0risk0for0developing0a0given0disease?0-
0Answer0:00Environment,0stress0,lifestyle
The0term0that0literally0means0self-immunity0is:0-0Answer0:00autoimmunity.
Intracellular0parasites0that0consist0of0DNA0or0RNA0surrounded0by0a0protein0coat0and0sometimes0b
y0a0lipoprotein0envelope0are0called:0-0Answer0:00viruses.
Pathogenesis0can0be0defined0as:0-0Answer0:00the0course0of0disease0development
Of0the0pathogenic0organisms,0which0of0the0following0are0the0most0complex?0-
0Answer0:00Tapeworms
Negative-feedback0mechanisms:0-
0Answer0:00minimize0changes0in0blood0glucose0levels,0maintain0homeostasis,0are0responsible0for0a
n0increased0rate0of0sweating0when0air0temperature0is0higher0than0body0temperature
Negative-feedback0control0systems:0-0Answer0:00oppose0a0change
Shivering0to0try0to0raise0your0body0temperature0back0to0normal0would0be0an0example0of:0-
0Answer0:00the0body0trying0to0maintain0homeostasis.a0negative-feedback0mechanism.
The0body's0thermostat0is0located0in0the0-0Answer0:00hypothalamus.
Positive-feedback0control0systems:0-0Answer0:00accelerate0a0change
221 QueStIoNS wIth Complete SolutIoNS.
To0accomplish0self-
regulation,0a0highly0complex0and0integrated0communication0control0system0or0network0is0require
d.0This0type0of0network0is0called0a(n)0-0Answer0:00feedback0control0loop.
Local0control0or0_____,0intrinsic0mechanisms0often0make0use0of0chemical0signals.0-
0Answer0:00autoregulation
The0impact0of0effector0activity0on0sensors0may0be0positive0or0negative.0Therefore,0homeostatic0co
ntrol0mechanisms0are0categorized0as0-
0Answer0:00organs0that0are0directly0influenced0by0physiological0variables0or0mechanisms.
The0normal0reading0or0range0is0called0the0-0Answer0:00set0point.
Events0that0lead0to0an0immune0response0to0an0infection0or0the0formation0of0a0blood0clot0are0exa
mples0of0-0Answer0:00positive0feedback
The0concept0that0information0may0flow0ahead0to0another0process0to0trigger0a0change0in0anticipati
on0of0an0event0that0will0follow0is0called0-0Answer0:00feed-forward.
Processes0for0maintaining0or0restoring0homeostasis0are0known0as0-
0Answer0:00homeostatic0control0mechanisms.
Homeostatic0Control0Mechanisms0-0Answer0:00receptor,0control0center,0effector
receptor,0control0center,0effector0-
0Answer0:00List0the0three0basic0components0of0a0feedback0system.
What0term0describes0a0signal0traveling0toward0a0particular0center0or0point0of0reference?0-
0Answer0:00afferent
Effectors0can0be0described0as0-
0Answer0:00organs0that0directly0influence0controlled0physiological0variables.
Many0complex0processes0of0the0body0are0coordinated0at0many0levels.0These0include0-
0Answer0:00intracellular,0intrinsic0and0extrinsic
Which0level0of0control0operates0at0the0cell0level,0often0using0genes0and0enzymes0to0regulate0cell0f
unction?0-0Answer0:00intracellular0regulation
The0relatively0constant0state0maintained0by0the0body0is0known0as0-0Answer0:00homeostasis.
The0body0naturally0changes0some0set0points0to0different0values0at0different0times0of0the0day.0Thes
e0daily0cyles0are0called0-0Answer0:00circadian0cycles.
, Because0negative0feedback0control0systems0oppose0changes0that0are0opposite0in0direction0to0the0
initial0disturbance,0they0are0-0Answer0:00slowed0or0maintained0in0the0homeostatic0range.
Of0the0110major0body0systems,0which0is0the0least0involved0in0maintaining0homeostasis?0-
0Answer0:00Reproductive
If0the0secretion0of0oxytocin0during0childbirth0operated0as0a0negative-
feedback0control0loop,0what0effect0would0it0have0on0uterine0contractions?0-
0Answer0:00Oxytocin0would0inhibit0uterine0contractions.
Which0of0the0following0is0not0one0of0the0basic0components0in0a0feedback0control0loop?0-
0Answer0:00Transmitter
Homeostasis0can0best0be0described0as:0-0Answer0:00a0state0of0relative0constancy
Epidemiology0is0the0study0of0the0_____0of0diseases0in0human0populations.0-
0Answer0:00occurrence,0distribution,0transmission
intrinsic0control0-0Answer0:00is0sometimes0called0autoregulation
Which0of0the0following0is0a0protein0substance0with0no0DNA0or0RNA0and0is0thought0to0be0the0cause
0of0mad0cow0disease?0-0Answer0:00Prion
Which0of0the0following0may0put0one0at0risk0for0developing0a0given0disease?0-
0Answer0:00Environment,0stress0,lifestyle
The0term0that0literally0means0self-immunity0is:0-0Answer0:00autoimmunity.
Intracellular0parasites0that0consist0of0DNA0or0RNA0surrounded0by0a0protein0coat0and0sometimes0b
y0a0lipoprotein0envelope0are0called:0-0Answer0:00viruses.
Pathogenesis0can0be0defined0as:0-0Answer0:00the0course0of0disease0development
Of0the0pathogenic0organisms,0which0of0the0following0are0the0most0complex?0-
0Answer0:00Tapeworms
Negative-feedback0mechanisms:0-
0Answer0:00minimize0changes0in0blood0glucose0levels,0maintain0homeostasis,0are0responsible0for0a
n0increased0rate0of0sweating0when0air0temperature0is0higher0than0body0temperature
Negative-feedback0control0systems:0-0Answer0:00oppose0a0change
Shivering0to0try0to0raise0your0body0temperature0back0to0normal0would0be0an0example0of:0-
0Answer0:00the0body0trying0to0maintain0homeostasis.a0negative-feedback0mechanism.
The0body's0thermostat0is0located0in0the0-0Answer0:00hypothalamus.
Positive-feedback0control0systems:0-0Answer0:00accelerate0a0change
