BIOL251 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
w/Lab 2025-2026 | Module 5 Exam Review
|70+ Questions and Answers Summary
|BRANDNEW!! |Portage Learning | GRADED
A+ PASS
Which cell structure is primarily responsible for converting food into usable energy in the
form of ATP?
A. Ribosome
B. Mitochondrion
C. Lysosome
D. Golgi complex
Correct Answer: B. Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria are rod-shaped, double-membrane organelles with inner folds
called cristae. They are the site of aerobic respiration and ATP production, supplying
energy required for cellular activities.
Which cellular structure is responsible for protein synthesis and is composed of rRNA and
proteins?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Ribosome
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi complex
Correct Answer: B. Ribosome
Rationale: Ribosomes are non-membranous structures made of rRNA and proteins. They
synthesize proteins and can be found freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Which structure is a membranous tube system continuous with the nucleus and is involved
in protein modification and transport?
,A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi complex
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Rationale: The rough endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the nuclear membrane
and is studded with ribosomes. It modifies proteins, such as adding sugar groups, and
transports them in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus and other cellular locations.
Which organelle is involved in lipid and steroid synthesis and lacks ribosomes on its
surface?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. Mitochondrion
D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rationale: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous tube system without
ribosomes. It plays a key role in lipid and steroid synthesis as well as lipid metabolism.
Which cellular structure consists of stacked, flattened membranes and functions in
modifying and packaging proteins?
A. Lysosome
B. Peroxisome
C. Golgi complex
D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: C. Golgi complex
Rationale: The Golgi complex is a polar stack of flattened membranes that receives
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them, and packages them for secretion
or delivery to other cellular destinations.
Which organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances?
A. Lysosome
B. Peroxisome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi complex
,Correct Answer: B. Peroxisome
Rationale: Peroxisomes are vesicles containing enzymes such as oxidase and catalase. They
detoxify harmful substances, including free radicals and hydrogen peroxide, protecting
cellular organelles and DNA.
Which vesicle contains digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules for recycling?
A. Peroxisome
B. Ribosome
C. Lysosome
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: C. Lysosome
Rationale: Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles filled with digestive enzymes. They
break down macromolecules into monomers, allowing the cell to recycle essential
components.
Which term describes a position toward the head or upper part of the body?
A. Inferior
B. Superior
C. Distal
D. Deep
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Superior refers to a position above or toward the head end of the body,
whereas inferior refers to below.
Which term means away from the head or toward the lower part of the body?
A. Ventral
B. Inferior
C. Medial
D. Proximal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Inferior indicates a position lower or farther from the head.
Which directional term means toward the front of the body?
A. Dorsal
B. Ventral
C. Lateral
D. Deep
, Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ventral, also called anterior, refers to the front of the body.
Which term refers to the back of the body?
A. Ventral
B. Medial
C. Dorsal
D. Proximal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dorsal, or posterior, describes the back side of the body.
Which term means toward the midline of the body?
A. Lateral
B. Medial
C. Intermediate
D. Superficial
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Medial indicates closeness to the midline, while lateral means away from it.
Which term describes a structure located farther from the point of attachment?
A. Proximal
B. Distal
C. Medial
D. Deep
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Distal refers to a position farther from the origin or attachment point.
Which term means closer to the body surface?
A. Deep
B. Distal
C. Superficial
D. Proximal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Superficial structures are near or at the body surface.
w/Lab 2025-2026 | Module 5 Exam Review
|70+ Questions and Answers Summary
|BRANDNEW!! |Portage Learning | GRADED
A+ PASS
Which cell structure is primarily responsible for converting food into usable energy in the
form of ATP?
A. Ribosome
B. Mitochondrion
C. Lysosome
D. Golgi complex
Correct Answer: B. Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria are rod-shaped, double-membrane organelles with inner folds
called cristae. They are the site of aerobic respiration and ATP production, supplying
energy required for cellular activities.
Which cellular structure is responsible for protein synthesis and is composed of rRNA and
proteins?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Ribosome
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi complex
Correct Answer: B. Ribosome
Rationale: Ribosomes are non-membranous structures made of rRNA and proteins. They
synthesize proteins and can be found freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Which structure is a membranous tube system continuous with the nucleus and is involved
in protein modification and transport?
,A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi complex
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Rationale: The rough endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the nuclear membrane
and is studded with ribosomes. It modifies proteins, such as adding sugar groups, and
transports them in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus and other cellular locations.
Which organelle is involved in lipid and steroid synthesis and lacks ribosomes on its
surface?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. Mitochondrion
D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rationale: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous tube system without
ribosomes. It plays a key role in lipid and steroid synthesis as well as lipid metabolism.
Which cellular structure consists of stacked, flattened membranes and functions in
modifying and packaging proteins?
A. Lysosome
B. Peroxisome
C. Golgi complex
D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: C. Golgi complex
Rationale: The Golgi complex is a polar stack of flattened membranes that receives
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them, and packages them for secretion
or delivery to other cellular destinations.
Which organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances?
A. Lysosome
B. Peroxisome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi complex
,Correct Answer: B. Peroxisome
Rationale: Peroxisomes are vesicles containing enzymes such as oxidase and catalase. They
detoxify harmful substances, including free radicals and hydrogen peroxide, protecting
cellular organelles and DNA.
Which vesicle contains digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules for recycling?
A. Peroxisome
B. Ribosome
C. Lysosome
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: C. Lysosome
Rationale: Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles filled with digestive enzymes. They
break down macromolecules into monomers, allowing the cell to recycle essential
components.
Which term describes a position toward the head or upper part of the body?
A. Inferior
B. Superior
C. Distal
D. Deep
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Superior refers to a position above or toward the head end of the body,
whereas inferior refers to below.
Which term means away from the head or toward the lower part of the body?
A. Ventral
B. Inferior
C. Medial
D. Proximal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Inferior indicates a position lower or farther from the head.
Which directional term means toward the front of the body?
A. Dorsal
B. Ventral
C. Lateral
D. Deep
, Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ventral, also called anterior, refers to the front of the body.
Which term refers to the back of the body?
A. Ventral
B. Medial
C. Dorsal
D. Proximal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dorsal, or posterior, describes the back side of the body.
Which term means toward the midline of the body?
A. Lateral
B. Medial
C. Intermediate
D. Superficial
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Medial indicates closeness to the midline, while lateral means away from it.
Which term describes a structure located farther from the point of attachment?
A. Proximal
B. Distal
C. Medial
D. Deep
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Distal refers to a position farther from the origin or attachment point.
Which term means closer to the body surface?
A. Deep
B. Distal
C. Superficial
D. Proximal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Superficial structures are near or at the body surface.
