NURS 407
NURS 407 Pathophysiology - Conceptual Final Exam 2026
APCs, lymph
Clonal selection of the adaptive immune system is activeated by ____, cells that include
dendritic cells and macrophages. This often happens in the ________ system.
corpopedal spasms (Alk> Inc Ca+ affinity for albumin> less free Ca = hypocalcemia)
Respiratory Alkalosis can have a physical manifestation of ____________ _________
Diuretics, Hyperventilation, IV solution (3%), Loss of free water, 145
Causes of Hypernatremia:
D________
H__________
I__ ________ (__)
L_______ __ ______ _______
Na > ____ mEq/L
vomiting, diarrhea, loss of sodium, intoxication of h2o, Glucocorticoid deficiency, 135
Causes of Hyponatremia:
V_______/D_______
L___ __ _______
I________ __ ____
G________ ________
Na < ____ mEq/L
Sodium Resorption (Renal trade), Alkalosis, Diuretics (loop), Excessive aldosterone
secretion, 3.5
Causes of Hypokalemia:
S_______ ________
A__________
D________
E______ _________ _________
K < ___ mEq/L
NURS 407
, NURS 407
K sparing diuretics, acidosis, falls, ESRD, 5.5
Causes of Hyperkalemia:
K _______ ________
A________
F________
E___
K> ___ mEq/L
renal insufficiency, antacids, hypothyroidism
Causes of Hypermagnesemia:
R________ ________
A________
H____________
Malabsorption, malnutrition, alcoholism, chronic renal disease, hypoparathyroidism
Causes of Hypomagnesemia:
M_______/M________
A_________
C_______ ______ ______
H_________________
hyperparathyroidism, Excess vitamin d ingestion, malignancy
Causes of Hypercalcemia:
H________________
E________ _______ _ _______
M_________
Hypoalbuminemia, alkalosis, large IV/blood transfusions, malabsorption(intestinal),
Acute pancreatitis (saponification)
Causes of Hypocalcemia:
H________________
A_________
L_______ __/_______ __________
M_____________
A_____ _________
Hypercalcemia (muscles affected)
NURS 407
NURS 407 Pathophysiology - Conceptual Final Exam 2026
APCs, lymph
Clonal selection of the adaptive immune system is activeated by ____, cells that include
dendritic cells and macrophages. This often happens in the ________ system.
corpopedal spasms (Alk> Inc Ca+ affinity for albumin> less free Ca = hypocalcemia)
Respiratory Alkalosis can have a physical manifestation of ____________ _________
Diuretics, Hyperventilation, IV solution (3%), Loss of free water, 145
Causes of Hypernatremia:
D________
H__________
I__ ________ (__)
L_______ __ ______ _______
Na > ____ mEq/L
vomiting, diarrhea, loss of sodium, intoxication of h2o, Glucocorticoid deficiency, 135
Causes of Hyponatremia:
V_______/D_______
L___ __ _______
I________ __ ____
G________ ________
Na < ____ mEq/L
Sodium Resorption (Renal trade), Alkalosis, Diuretics (loop), Excessive aldosterone
secretion, 3.5
Causes of Hypokalemia:
S_______ ________
A__________
D________
E______ _________ _________
K < ___ mEq/L
NURS 407
, NURS 407
K sparing diuretics, acidosis, falls, ESRD, 5.5
Causes of Hyperkalemia:
K _______ ________
A________
F________
E___
K> ___ mEq/L
renal insufficiency, antacids, hypothyroidism
Causes of Hypermagnesemia:
R________ ________
A________
H____________
Malabsorption, malnutrition, alcoholism, chronic renal disease, hypoparathyroidism
Causes of Hypomagnesemia:
M_______/M________
A_________
C_______ ______ ______
H_________________
hyperparathyroidism, Excess vitamin d ingestion, malignancy
Causes of Hypercalcemia:
H________________
E________ _______ _ _______
M_________
Hypoalbuminemia, alkalosis, large IV/blood transfusions, malabsorption(intestinal),
Acute pancreatitis (saponification)
Causes of Hypocalcemia:
H________________
A_________
L_______ __/_______ __________
M_____________
A_____ _________
Hypercalcemia (muscles affected)
NURS 407
