1
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR j j
AmericanjGovernmentjPoliticaljDevelopmentjandjInstitutionaljChangejBy
jCaljJillson
j Chapterj1-21
Chapterj1
THEjORIGINSjOFjAMERICANjPOLITICALjPRINCIPLES
FOCUSjQUESTIONS
Q1 Whatjarejthejbroadjpurposesjofjgovernment?
A1
Thejancientsjbelievedjthejrolejofjgovernmentjandjpoliticsjwasjtojfosterjhuma
njexcellence.jHowever,jitjisjimperativejtojrememberjthatjthejGreeksjandjRomansj
believedjthejvirtuousjshouldjrulejaccordingjtojnaturaljlaw.jFurthermore,jvaluesjof
jequalityjandjorderjwouldjbejservedjthroughjajsocietyjbasedjuponjthejrulejofjlawjt
ojprovidejforjthejcommonjgood.jInjthejMiddlejAges,jgovernmentjwasjlargelyjused
jtojfacilitatejreligionjandjmaintainedjthejneedjforjthejindividualjtojlivejajproperjlif
ejinjthejservicejofjGod.jThejrolejofjgovernmentjchangedjinjthejearlyjsixteenthjcen
turyjbyjdownplayingjthejrolejofjreligionjwhilejalternativelyjpromotingjthejrolejofjl
imitedjgovernmentjtojprotectjprivatejpropertyjandjindividualjrights.
Q2 Howjshouldjgovernmentjbejdesignedjtojachievejitsjpurposes?
A2 AccordingjtojPlatojthejphilosopher-
king’sjwisdomjandjintellectjwouldjpromotejorder,jstabilityjandjjustice.jYet,jAristot
lejtakesjajmorejrealisticjviewjofjAthenianjsocietyjbyjadvocatingjthejbestjformjofjgo
vernmentjasjajpolity,jwhichjcombinedjoligarchicjandjdemocraticjelementsjtojpro
ducejpoliticaljstability.jThejRomansjcombinedjmonarchical,jaristocratic,jandjdem
ocraticjprinciplesjasjajmixedjgovernmentjwithinjrepresentativejbodiesjlikejthejSe
natejandjthejAssemblyjinjorderjtojchampionjthejcausesjofjbothjthejrichjandjthejpo
or.jGovernmentjinjthejMiddlejAgesjwasjdeterminedjthroughjdivinejright,jwhereb
yjajmonarchjorjPopejwasjordainedjbyjGodjtojrule.jHence,jwisdomjandjvirtuejreste
djwithinjthesejfewjindividualsjwhojgovernedjtojpromotejreligiousjlifejandjprotectj
thejreligiousjestablishment.jThejRenaissance,jProtestantjReformation,jandjEnligh
tenmentjPeriodsjshiftedjthejrolejofjgovernmentjfromjupholdingjreligiousjdoctrin
ejtojsecularjconcerns,jsuchjasjprotectingjinalienablejrights,jincludingjprivatejprop
erty,jandjpromotingjcommerce.jInjturn,jEnlightenmentjpolitical
©j2023jTaylorj&jFrancis
, 2
philosophersjlargelyjappealedjtojindividualismjandjnotjreligiousjhierarchyjasjajme
ansjtojprovidejorderjandjstabilityjinjwhichjindividualsjcouldjflourish.
Q3
WhatjlessonsjaboutjgovernmentjdidjcolonialjAmericansjdrawjfromjthejhistoryj
ofjancientjGreecejandjRome?
A3
Platojwasjsuspiciousjofjdemocracy’sjrulejofjthejmanyjbecausejgoodjgovernmen
tjwouldjdecayjintojmobjrule.jHence,jthejpassionsjofjthejmassesjneededjtojbejquelle
djbyjmorejaristocraticjelements.jWithjthisjproblemjinjmind,jthejFramersjofjthejU.S.j
ConstitutionjreferencedjthejinstitutionaljdesignjofjthejRomanjrepublicjadheredjtojt
hejtraditionjofjmixedjgovernmentjinitiallyjexpoundedjbyjAristotlejandjthejRomans.j
ThisjwasjmaintainedjinjthejindirectjselectionjofjbothjthejSenatejandjthejpresidencyj
withinjthejConstitution.jAristotlejalsojadvocatedjmixingjaristocraticjandjdemocrati
cjelementsjinjajgoverningjstructurejcalledjajpolity.jInjeffect,jthisjgovernmentaljdesi
gnjallowedjthejfewjandjthejmanyjtojparticipatejinjthejpoliticsjprovidingjanjorderlyjs
ocietyjwherejthejpoorjshouldjbejablejtojselectjgovernmentjofficialsjwhojwerejheldj
accountable.jThisjwasjalsojmadejmanifestjinjthejConstitutionjwithjitsjaristocratic-
likejSenatejandjthejmorejdemocraticjHousejofjRepresentatives.jThusjthejAmericanj
republic’sjConstitutionjestablishedjinstitutionaljpowersjtojgovernjaccordingjtojthej
rulejofjlaw.jWhilejthejFramersjrejectedjthejreligiousjhierarchyjofjthejMiddlejAges,jt
heyjappealedjtojinalienablejrightsjendowedjuponjeveryjindividualjbyjGod,jperjthej
writingsjofjJohnjLocke,jinjwhichjajjustjgovernmentjandjsocietyjcouldjnotjbejimpede
d.
Q4 WhatjcircumstancesjledjEuropeansjtojleavejtheirjhomelandsjtojsettlejinjAmerica?
A4
Individualsjimmigratedjtojthejcoloniesjtojescapejreligiousjpersecutionjandjcivilj
unrestjafterjthejEnglishjCiviljWarjandjtojpursuejsocialjandjeconomicjopportunities.j
Colonistsjenjoyedjajvastjarrayjofjnaturaljresourcesjandjajlargejgeographicaljareajw
herejfreedomjofjreligionjandjeconomicjopportunityjflourished.jAlso,jtheirjheterog
eneousjsocialjcompositionjasjwelljasjcontinualjpromotionjofjideals,jsuchjasjequalit
yjandjtolerance,jtendedjtojpromotejpoliticaljfreedomjatjthejsamejtimejthatjsocialje
xpansionjofjthejpopulationjwasjoccurring.
Q5 Whatjdidjdemocracyjmeanjtojourjcolonialjancestors,jandjdidjtheyjapprovejit?
A5
Thejcolonistsjwerejskepticaljofjdemocracyjandjviewedjthisjtypejofjgoverningja
uthorityjasjmobjrule.jSocietyjwasjlargelyjseenjasjsegmentedjintojthosejwhojshoul
djrulejandjthosejwhojshouldjnot.jInjfact,jthejFoundersjbelievedjthatjthejelitej(well
-
educated,jlandjowners)jshouldjoccupyjpositionsjofjleadership.jThus,janjaristocrat
©j2023jTaylorj&jFrancis
, 3
icjelementjwithinjgovernmentjwasjnecessaryjtojprotectjagainstjthejthreatjofjmobj
rulejhistoricallyjassociatedjwithjdemocracy.jFundamentally,jthejideajofjrepublica
nismjwasjpromotedjasjanjidealjatjajhigherjleveljthanjdemocracy.jThisjwasjmadejm
ostjmanifestjinjthejtendencyjtojpreferjmixed
©j2023jTaylorj&jFrancis
, 4
constitutionaljschemesjoverjsingle-
bodyjregimes,jsuchjasjmonarchies,jaristocracies,jandjdemocracies.jItjwasjinjthisjre
spectjthatjourjcolonialjancestorsjwerejbothjinnovativejandjcriticaljofjextantjgover
nmentaljformsjyetjsimultaneouslyjweddedjtojthejpast,jespeciallyjthejGreco-
RomanjAncients.
CHAPTERjOUTLINE
I. AjTraditionjtojDrawjFrom
HistoryjandjexperiencejprovidedjlessonsjuponjwhichjthejFoundersjreferencedjinjdesignin
gjAmericanjpoliticaljinstitutions.
A. ThejAncients:jWhojRulesjandjforjWhatjPurpose?
ThejphilosophyjofjPlatojandjAristotlejwasjconcernedjwithjstructuringjajsociet
y,jknownjasjajcity-
state,jandjbasedjuponjhumanjnature:jSpeechjandjreasonjasjthejfundamentalj
characteristicsjofjhumans.jThus,jthejpoliticaljcommunityjorjpolisjisjdesignedja
ccordingjtojthejvirtuesjandjabilitiesjofjitsjinhabitants.
1. ThejGreeks:jMonarchy,jAristocracy,jDemocracy
a. AccordingjtojAristotle,jthejpurposejofjpoliticsjisjtojcreatejanjorderjth
atjfostersjhumanjexcellence.jPlato’sjleaderjwasjthejphilosopherjkin
g.jSincejPlatojdoubtedjthejrealityjofjthisjking,jhejconcludedjthatjgoo
djgovernmentjwouldjbejuncommonjandjshortjlived.j Platojandjparti
cularlyjAristotlejidentifiedjthreejformsjofjgovernment:
1) Monarchy—rulejbyjonejleader
2) Aristocracy—rulejbyjajfewjgoodjmen
3) Democracy—rulejbyjthejmany
b. Aristotlejalsojtheorizedjthatjgovernmentsjwouldjdecay.jThus,jmona
rchyjdecaysjintojtyrannyjthroughjdespoticjactionsjofjajsinglejruler.jS
econd,jaristocracyjdecaysjintojoligarchyjwherebyjthejfewjrulejtojad
vancejtheirjself-
interestsjcontraryjtojthejcommonjgood.jFinally,jdemocracyjdecaysji
ntojmobjrulejasjthejmassesjrulejaccordingjtojtheirjpassions.
c. Aristotle’sjadditionaljcontribution:jPoliticaljorderjbasedjonjreality
1) Aristotle’sjcontributionjwasjpragmaticjbyjaddressingjthejn
eedsjofjthejwealthyjandjthejmassesjwithinjajsocietyjtojfor
mjajmixedjgovernment.
2) Hejbelievedjthatjoligarchyjandjdemocracyjarejthejmostjco
mmonjregimes.jTherefore,jthejbestjelementsjofjeachjmigh
tjbejcombinedjandjmadejintojajgood,jworkable,jandjstablej
government.jHejcalledjthisjformj“polity.”
2. ThejRomans:jRepublicanismjandjMixedjGovernment
a. ThejRomans,jnotablyjPolybiusjandjCicero,jbelievedjthatjgovernm
ent’sjinstitutionaljstructurejshouldjarbitratejpowerjbetweenjrichj
andjpoor.jAccordingly,jthisjorderjwasjajrepublicjor
©j2023jTaylorj&jFrancis
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR j j
AmericanjGovernmentjPoliticaljDevelopmentjandjInstitutionaljChangejBy
jCaljJillson
j Chapterj1-21
Chapterj1
THEjORIGINSjOFjAMERICANjPOLITICALjPRINCIPLES
FOCUSjQUESTIONS
Q1 Whatjarejthejbroadjpurposesjofjgovernment?
A1
Thejancientsjbelievedjthejrolejofjgovernmentjandjpoliticsjwasjtojfosterjhuma
njexcellence.jHowever,jitjisjimperativejtojrememberjthatjthejGreeksjandjRomansj
believedjthejvirtuousjshouldjrulejaccordingjtojnaturaljlaw.jFurthermore,jvaluesjof
jequalityjandjorderjwouldjbejservedjthroughjajsocietyjbasedjuponjthejrulejofjlawjt
ojprovidejforjthejcommonjgood.jInjthejMiddlejAges,jgovernmentjwasjlargelyjused
jtojfacilitatejreligionjandjmaintainedjthejneedjforjthejindividualjtojlivejajproperjlif
ejinjthejservicejofjGod.jThejrolejofjgovernmentjchangedjinjthejearlyjsixteenthjcen
turyjbyjdownplayingjthejrolejofjreligionjwhilejalternativelyjpromotingjthejrolejofjl
imitedjgovernmentjtojprotectjprivatejpropertyjandjindividualjrights.
Q2 Howjshouldjgovernmentjbejdesignedjtojachievejitsjpurposes?
A2 AccordingjtojPlatojthejphilosopher-
king’sjwisdomjandjintellectjwouldjpromotejorder,jstabilityjandjjustice.jYet,jAristot
lejtakesjajmorejrealisticjviewjofjAthenianjsocietyjbyjadvocatingjthejbestjformjofjgo
vernmentjasjajpolity,jwhichjcombinedjoligarchicjandjdemocraticjelementsjtojpro
ducejpoliticaljstability.jThejRomansjcombinedjmonarchical,jaristocratic,jandjdem
ocraticjprinciplesjasjajmixedjgovernmentjwithinjrepresentativejbodiesjlikejthejSe
natejandjthejAssemblyjinjorderjtojchampionjthejcausesjofjbothjthejrichjandjthejpo
or.jGovernmentjinjthejMiddlejAgesjwasjdeterminedjthroughjdivinejright,jwhereb
yjajmonarchjorjPopejwasjordainedjbyjGodjtojrule.jHence,jwisdomjandjvirtuejreste
djwithinjthesejfewjindividualsjwhojgovernedjtojpromotejreligiousjlifejandjprotectj
thejreligiousjestablishment.jThejRenaissance,jProtestantjReformation,jandjEnligh
tenmentjPeriodsjshiftedjthejrolejofjgovernmentjfromjupholdingjreligiousjdoctrin
ejtojsecularjconcerns,jsuchjasjprotectingjinalienablejrights,jincludingjprivatejprop
erty,jandjpromotingjcommerce.jInjturn,jEnlightenmentjpolitical
©j2023jTaylorj&jFrancis
, 2
philosophersjlargelyjappealedjtojindividualismjandjnotjreligiousjhierarchyjasjajme
ansjtojprovidejorderjandjstabilityjinjwhichjindividualsjcouldjflourish.
Q3
WhatjlessonsjaboutjgovernmentjdidjcolonialjAmericansjdrawjfromjthejhistoryj
ofjancientjGreecejandjRome?
A3
Platojwasjsuspiciousjofjdemocracy’sjrulejofjthejmanyjbecausejgoodjgovernmen
tjwouldjdecayjintojmobjrule.jHence,jthejpassionsjofjthejmassesjneededjtojbejquelle
djbyjmorejaristocraticjelements.jWithjthisjproblemjinjmind,jthejFramersjofjthejU.S.j
ConstitutionjreferencedjthejinstitutionaljdesignjofjthejRomanjrepublicjadheredjtojt
hejtraditionjofjmixedjgovernmentjinitiallyjexpoundedjbyjAristotlejandjthejRomans.j
ThisjwasjmaintainedjinjthejindirectjselectionjofjbothjthejSenatejandjthejpresidencyj
withinjthejConstitution.jAristotlejalsojadvocatedjmixingjaristocraticjandjdemocrati
cjelementsjinjajgoverningjstructurejcalledjajpolity.jInjeffect,jthisjgovernmentaljdesi
gnjallowedjthejfewjandjthejmanyjtojparticipatejinjthejpoliticsjprovidingjanjorderlyjs
ocietyjwherejthejpoorjshouldjbejablejtojselectjgovernmentjofficialsjwhojwerejheldj
accountable.jThisjwasjalsojmadejmanifestjinjthejConstitutionjwithjitsjaristocratic-
likejSenatejandjthejmorejdemocraticjHousejofjRepresentatives.jThusjthejAmericanj
republic’sjConstitutionjestablishedjinstitutionaljpowersjtojgovernjaccordingjtojthej
rulejofjlaw.jWhilejthejFramersjrejectedjthejreligiousjhierarchyjofjthejMiddlejAges,jt
heyjappealedjtojinalienablejrightsjendowedjuponjeveryjindividualjbyjGod,jperjthej
writingsjofjJohnjLocke,jinjwhichjajjustjgovernmentjandjsocietyjcouldjnotjbejimpede
d.
Q4 WhatjcircumstancesjledjEuropeansjtojleavejtheirjhomelandsjtojsettlejinjAmerica?
A4
Individualsjimmigratedjtojthejcoloniesjtojescapejreligiousjpersecutionjandjcivilj
unrestjafterjthejEnglishjCiviljWarjandjtojpursuejsocialjandjeconomicjopportunities.j
Colonistsjenjoyedjajvastjarrayjofjnaturaljresourcesjandjajlargejgeographicaljareajw
herejfreedomjofjreligionjandjeconomicjopportunityjflourished.jAlso,jtheirjheterog
eneousjsocialjcompositionjasjwelljasjcontinualjpromotionjofjideals,jsuchjasjequalit
yjandjtolerance,jtendedjtojpromotejpoliticaljfreedomjatjthejsamejtimejthatjsocialje
xpansionjofjthejpopulationjwasjoccurring.
Q5 Whatjdidjdemocracyjmeanjtojourjcolonialjancestors,jandjdidjtheyjapprovejit?
A5
Thejcolonistsjwerejskepticaljofjdemocracyjandjviewedjthisjtypejofjgoverningja
uthorityjasjmobjrule.jSocietyjwasjlargelyjseenjasjsegmentedjintojthosejwhojshoul
djrulejandjthosejwhojshouldjnot.jInjfact,jthejFoundersjbelievedjthatjthejelitej(well
-
educated,jlandjowners)jshouldjoccupyjpositionsjofjleadership.jThus,janjaristocrat
©j2023jTaylorj&jFrancis
, 3
icjelementjwithinjgovernmentjwasjnecessaryjtojprotectjagainstjthejthreatjofjmobj
rulejhistoricallyjassociatedjwithjdemocracy.jFundamentally,jthejideajofjrepublica
nismjwasjpromotedjasjanjidealjatjajhigherjleveljthanjdemocracy.jThisjwasjmadejm
ostjmanifestjinjthejtendencyjtojpreferjmixed
©j2023jTaylorj&jFrancis
, 4
constitutionaljschemesjoverjsingle-
bodyjregimes,jsuchjasjmonarchies,jaristocracies,jandjdemocracies.jItjwasjinjthisjre
spectjthatjourjcolonialjancestorsjwerejbothjinnovativejandjcriticaljofjextantjgover
nmentaljformsjyetjsimultaneouslyjweddedjtojthejpast,jespeciallyjthejGreco-
RomanjAncients.
CHAPTERjOUTLINE
I. AjTraditionjtojDrawjFrom
HistoryjandjexperiencejprovidedjlessonsjuponjwhichjthejFoundersjreferencedjinjdesignin
gjAmericanjpoliticaljinstitutions.
A. ThejAncients:jWhojRulesjandjforjWhatjPurpose?
ThejphilosophyjofjPlatojandjAristotlejwasjconcernedjwithjstructuringjajsociet
y,jknownjasjajcity-
state,jandjbasedjuponjhumanjnature:jSpeechjandjreasonjasjthejfundamentalj
characteristicsjofjhumans.jThus,jthejpoliticaljcommunityjorjpolisjisjdesignedja
ccordingjtojthejvirtuesjandjabilitiesjofjitsjinhabitants.
1. ThejGreeks:jMonarchy,jAristocracy,jDemocracy
a. AccordingjtojAristotle,jthejpurposejofjpoliticsjisjtojcreatejanjorderjth
atjfostersjhumanjexcellence.jPlato’sjleaderjwasjthejphilosopherjkin
g.jSincejPlatojdoubtedjthejrealityjofjthisjking,jhejconcludedjthatjgoo
djgovernmentjwouldjbejuncommonjandjshortjlived.j Platojandjparti
cularlyjAristotlejidentifiedjthreejformsjofjgovernment:
1) Monarchy—rulejbyjonejleader
2) Aristocracy—rulejbyjajfewjgoodjmen
3) Democracy—rulejbyjthejmany
b. Aristotlejalsojtheorizedjthatjgovernmentsjwouldjdecay.jThus,jmona
rchyjdecaysjintojtyrannyjthroughjdespoticjactionsjofjajsinglejruler.jS
econd,jaristocracyjdecaysjintojoligarchyjwherebyjthejfewjrulejtojad
vancejtheirjself-
interestsjcontraryjtojthejcommonjgood.jFinally,jdemocracyjdecaysji
ntojmobjrulejasjthejmassesjrulejaccordingjtojtheirjpassions.
c. Aristotle’sjadditionaljcontribution:jPoliticaljorderjbasedjonjreality
1) Aristotle’sjcontributionjwasjpragmaticjbyjaddressingjthejn
eedsjofjthejwealthyjandjthejmassesjwithinjajsocietyjtojfor
mjajmixedjgovernment.
2) Hejbelievedjthatjoligarchyjandjdemocracyjarejthejmostjco
mmonjregimes.jTherefore,jthejbestjelementsjofjeachjmigh
tjbejcombinedjandjmadejintojajgood,jworkable,jandjstablej
government.jHejcalledjthisjformj“polity.”
2. ThejRomans:jRepublicanismjandjMixedjGovernment
a. ThejRomans,jnotablyjPolybiusjandjCicero,jbelievedjthatjgovernm
ent’sjinstitutionaljstructurejshouldjarbitratejpowerjbetweenjrichj
andjpoor.jAccordingly,jthisjorderjwasjajrepublicjor
©j2023jTaylorj&jFrancis
