, (KubyjImmunologyjCovid-
19jDigitaljUpdate,j8ejJennijPunt,jSharonjStranford,jPatriciajJones,jJudyjOwen)j(TestjBankjLatestjEditionj2023
-24,jGradejA+,j100%jVerified)
Chapterj01
1. Twojofjthejmain,jearlyjtheoriesjproposedjtojexplainjhowjantigen-
specificjantibodiesjdevelopjwerejthejinstructionaljtheoryjandjthejselectivejtheory.jHowjdidjthejtwojdiffer?j
WhichjwasjultimatelyjshownjtojbejCORRECT?
ANSWER:j Thejselectivejtheoryjsaysjthat,jwhenjanjantigenjreceptorjbindsjwithjanjantigen,jthejcelljbecomesjactivate
dj(orjthejcelljisjselectedjtojproliferatejandjsecretejmorejcopiesjofjthejreceptor).jThejinstructionaljtheoryj
saysjthatjthejantigenjreceptorjmoldsjitselfjtojthejantigen.jThejselectivejtheoryjwasjshownjtojbejcorrect.
2. Often,jserendipityjplaysjajrolejinjsignificantjscientificjdiscoveries.jInjyourjownjwords,jexplainjhowjser
endipityjledjPasteurjtojdiscoverjajcholerajvaccine.
ANSWER:j Pasteurjdevelopedjthejvaccinejinjchickens,jwhichjwerejinjshortjsupply.jHejchallengedjgroupsjofjchicke
nsjwithjcholerajbacteria—
somejofjwhichjwerejpreviouslyjexposedjtojanjattenuatedjversionjofjcholerajbacteria.jOnlyjthejpreviousl
yjexposedjanimalsjwerejprotectedjfromjajnewjchallenge,jwhichjledjtojthejusejofjweakenedjpathogensjas
jvaccines.
3. Despitejitsjhavingjbeenjeradicatedjonjajglobaljscale,jsmallpoxjisjpresentlyjconsideredjajpotentialjbioterrorismjthr
eat.jWhy?jUsejevidencejtojsupportjyourjanswer.
ANSWER:j Afterjeradicationjwasjachieved,jsmallpoxjvaccinationjprogramsjlargelyjended.jAsjpopulationsjcontinu
edjtojgrowjoverjtime,janjever-
increasingjpercentagejofjthejhumanjpopulationjremainsjunvaccinatedjandjthus,jisjstilljsusceptiblejtojth
ejdisease.
4. Priorjtoj1999,jitjwasjclaimedjthatjajthimerosaljadditivejinjvaccinesjwasjcontributingjtojthejrisingjincidencejofjauti
sm.jIfjthejclaimsjwerejtrue,jwhatjresultantjtrendjmightjyoujexpectjtojobservejinjthejratejofjautismjoncejthimerosaljw
asjremovedjfromjvaccines?
ANSWER:j Onejwouldjreasonablyjexpectjajdecreasejinjthejratejofjautism.jHowever,jcasesjofjautismjcontinuedjtojri
sejafterjthimerosaljwasjremovedjfromjvaccinesjinj2001.
5. Givenjthejdiscoveryjandjdevelopmentjofjeffectivejantibiotics,jmakejanjargumentjforjthejcontinuedjusejofjva
ccinesjagainstjbacterialjpathogens.jUsejevidencejtojsupportjyourjanswer.
ANSWER:j Antibioticsjarejusedjforjtreatmentjofjdisease,jnotjtypicallyjforjprevention.jAntibioticjtreatmentjisjnotjfoo
lproofj(consideringjthejrisingjincidencejofjantibioticjresistance).jVaccinesjarejajpreventativejmeasure,j
andjpreventionjisjthejgoldjstandardjforjinfectiousjdiseasejcontroljmeasures.
6. Youjhavejajfriendjunfamiliarjwithjimmunology,jandjhejasksjyoujthejfollowingjquestion:j"WhyjdojIjneedjthejfluj
shotjeveryjyear,jbutjdon'tjneedjanjannualjchickenpoxjvaccine?"jAsjajstudentjofjimmunology,jhowjwouldjyoujexpl
ainjthisjdiscrepancyjtojyourjfriend?jUsejevidencejtojsupportjyourjanswer.
ANSWER:j Thejvirusjthatjcausesjthejflujchangesjeveryjyearj-
jasjajresult,jajnewjflujvaccinejmustjbejpreparedjeachjyearjbasedjonjajpredicationjofjthejmostjcommonjfor
msjofjthejvirusjlikelyjtojbejencountered.jVaccinesjarejspecificjinjthejtypejofjpathogenjagainstjwhichjthe
yjprotect,jandjprotectionjagainstjonejtypejdoesjnotjguaranteejprotectionjagainstjpathogensjthatjarejclose
ly-related.
7. ProvidejonejbenefitjandjonejdrawbackjofjgeneratingjrandomjrecognitionjreceptorsjduringjthejdevelopmentjofjBjc
,ells.
ANSWER:j Ajbenefitjisjhavingjthejcapacityjtojrecognizejandjrespondjtojdiversejpathogensjasjtheyjevolve.jAjdrawba
ckjisjthatjsomejrecognitionjreceptorsjcouldjpotentiallyjrecognizejandjtargetjhostjantigens.
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapterj01
8. Ajportionjofjourjimmunejsystems'jwhitejbloodjcellsjisjconstantlyjcirculatingjthroughoutjthejbodyjviajcir
culationjandjlymphatics.jWhatjisjthejbenefitjofjsuchjcirculation?
ANSWER:j Thejcirculationjofjthejwhitejbloodjcellsjallowsjforjajmorejcomprehensivejsurveillancejofjthejbodyjforjth
ejpresencejofjpotentialjpathogens.jAjsignificantjportionjofjthejhumanjbodyjisjconstantlyjexposedjtojpot
entialjmicrobialjpathogens.
9. Completejthejfollowingjtablejbyjcomparingjandjcontrastingjinnatejandjadaptivejimmunejresponses.
InnatejI Adaptivej
mmunity Immunity
Isjmediatedjbyjwhatjcells?
Whatjdojtheyjrecognize?
Howjarejthejreceptorsjenc
oded?
Whyjcan'tjtheyjcontroljalljin
fectionsjalone?
Whatjdojtheyjdojinjr
esponsejtojantigen?
ANSWER: Adaptivej
InnatejImmunity
Immunity
Macrophages,jNKjcel
Isjmediatedjbyjw TjcellsjandjBjc
ls,jneutrophils,jmastjc
hatjcells? ells
ellsjeosinophils
Whatjdojtheyjre Specific
Pathogenjpatterns
cognize? epitope
j
s
Howjarejthejrec
Rearrangedjg
eptorsjencode Germjline
enejsegments
d?
Whyjcan'tjtheyjc
Pathogensjevolvejes Takesjtoojlongjt
ontroljalljinfectio
capejmechanisms ojdevelop
nsjalone?
Whatjdojtheyjdoji Producejantibo
Engulfjandjdestroy,ji
njresponsejtojanti dies,jkilljinfect
nducejinflammation
gen? edjcells
10. Whatjarejthejhallmarksjofjinflammation?jDescribejthejphysicaljcharacteristicsjofjsomeonejexperiencingjanjinf
lammatoryjresponse.
ANSWER:j Redness,jswelling,jheat,jpain.jSomeonejexperiencingjinflammationjmightjhavejlocalizedjswellingjandjr
ednessjorjitchingjorjmayjbejexperiencingjfaintnessjduejtojajloweringjofjbloodjpressurejifjmorejsevere.
11. Uponjreceivingjimmunejserumjasjajtreatmentjforjajvenomousjsnakejbite,jwouldjthejrecipientjbejimmune
19jDigitaljUpdate,j8ejJennijPunt,jSharonjStranford,jPatriciajJones,jJudyjOwen)j(TestjBankjLatestjEditionj2023
-24,jGradejA+,j100%jVerified)
Chapterj01
1. Twojofjthejmain,jearlyjtheoriesjproposedjtojexplainjhowjantigen-
specificjantibodiesjdevelopjwerejthejinstructionaljtheoryjandjthejselectivejtheory.jHowjdidjthejtwojdiffer?j
WhichjwasjultimatelyjshownjtojbejCORRECT?
ANSWER:j Thejselectivejtheoryjsaysjthat,jwhenjanjantigenjreceptorjbindsjwithjanjantigen,jthejcelljbecomesjactivate
dj(orjthejcelljisjselectedjtojproliferatejandjsecretejmorejcopiesjofjthejreceptor).jThejinstructionaljtheoryj
saysjthatjthejantigenjreceptorjmoldsjitselfjtojthejantigen.jThejselectivejtheoryjwasjshownjtojbejcorrect.
2. Often,jserendipityjplaysjajrolejinjsignificantjscientificjdiscoveries.jInjyourjownjwords,jexplainjhowjser
endipityjledjPasteurjtojdiscoverjajcholerajvaccine.
ANSWER:j Pasteurjdevelopedjthejvaccinejinjchickens,jwhichjwerejinjshortjsupply.jHejchallengedjgroupsjofjchicke
nsjwithjcholerajbacteria—
somejofjwhichjwerejpreviouslyjexposedjtojanjattenuatedjversionjofjcholerajbacteria.jOnlyjthejpreviousl
yjexposedjanimalsjwerejprotectedjfromjajnewjchallenge,jwhichjledjtojthejusejofjweakenedjpathogensjas
jvaccines.
3. Despitejitsjhavingjbeenjeradicatedjonjajglobaljscale,jsmallpoxjisjpresentlyjconsideredjajpotentialjbioterrorismjthr
eat.jWhy?jUsejevidencejtojsupportjyourjanswer.
ANSWER:j Afterjeradicationjwasjachieved,jsmallpoxjvaccinationjprogramsjlargelyjended.jAsjpopulationsjcontinu
edjtojgrowjoverjtime,janjever-
increasingjpercentagejofjthejhumanjpopulationjremainsjunvaccinatedjandjthus,jisjstilljsusceptiblejtojth
ejdisease.
4. Priorjtoj1999,jitjwasjclaimedjthatjajthimerosaljadditivejinjvaccinesjwasjcontributingjtojthejrisingjincidencejofjauti
sm.jIfjthejclaimsjwerejtrue,jwhatjresultantjtrendjmightjyoujexpectjtojobservejinjthejratejofjautismjoncejthimerosaljw
asjremovedjfromjvaccines?
ANSWER:j Onejwouldjreasonablyjexpectjajdecreasejinjthejratejofjautism.jHowever,jcasesjofjautismjcontinuedjtojri
sejafterjthimerosaljwasjremovedjfromjvaccinesjinj2001.
5. Givenjthejdiscoveryjandjdevelopmentjofjeffectivejantibiotics,jmakejanjargumentjforjthejcontinuedjusejofjva
ccinesjagainstjbacterialjpathogens.jUsejevidencejtojsupportjyourjanswer.
ANSWER:j Antibioticsjarejusedjforjtreatmentjofjdisease,jnotjtypicallyjforjprevention.jAntibioticjtreatmentjisjnotjfoo
lproofj(consideringjthejrisingjincidencejofjantibioticjresistance).jVaccinesjarejajpreventativejmeasure,j
andjpreventionjisjthejgoldjstandardjforjinfectiousjdiseasejcontroljmeasures.
6. Youjhavejajfriendjunfamiliarjwithjimmunology,jandjhejasksjyoujthejfollowingjquestion:j"WhyjdojIjneedjthejfluj
shotjeveryjyear,jbutjdon'tjneedjanjannualjchickenpoxjvaccine?"jAsjajstudentjofjimmunology,jhowjwouldjyoujexpl
ainjthisjdiscrepancyjtojyourjfriend?jUsejevidencejtojsupportjyourjanswer.
ANSWER:j Thejvirusjthatjcausesjthejflujchangesjeveryjyearj-
jasjajresult,jajnewjflujvaccinejmustjbejpreparedjeachjyearjbasedjonjajpredicationjofjthejmostjcommonjfor
msjofjthejvirusjlikelyjtojbejencountered.jVaccinesjarejspecificjinjthejtypejofjpathogenjagainstjwhichjthe
yjprotect,jandjprotectionjagainstjonejtypejdoesjnotjguaranteejprotectionjagainstjpathogensjthatjarejclose
ly-related.
7. ProvidejonejbenefitjandjonejdrawbackjofjgeneratingjrandomjrecognitionjreceptorsjduringjthejdevelopmentjofjBjc
,ells.
ANSWER:j Ajbenefitjisjhavingjthejcapacityjtojrecognizejandjrespondjtojdiversejpathogensjasjtheyjevolve.jAjdrawba
ckjisjthatjsomejrecognitionjreceptorsjcouldjpotentiallyjrecognizejandjtargetjhostjantigens.
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapterj01
8. Ajportionjofjourjimmunejsystems'jwhitejbloodjcellsjisjconstantlyjcirculatingjthroughoutjthejbodyjviajcir
culationjandjlymphatics.jWhatjisjthejbenefitjofjsuchjcirculation?
ANSWER:j Thejcirculationjofjthejwhitejbloodjcellsjallowsjforjajmorejcomprehensivejsurveillancejofjthejbodyjforjth
ejpresencejofjpotentialjpathogens.jAjsignificantjportionjofjthejhumanjbodyjisjconstantlyjexposedjtojpot
entialjmicrobialjpathogens.
9. Completejthejfollowingjtablejbyjcomparingjandjcontrastingjinnatejandjadaptivejimmunejresponses.
InnatejI Adaptivej
mmunity Immunity
Isjmediatedjbyjwhatjcells?
Whatjdojtheyjrecognize?
Howjarejthejreceptorsjenc
oded?
Whyjcan'tjtheyjcontroljalljin
fectionsjalone?
Whatjdojtheyjdojinjr
esponsejtojantigen?
ANSWER: Adaptivej
InnatejImmunity
Immunity
Macrophages,jNKjcel
Isjmediatedjbyjw TjcellsjandjBjc
ls,jneutrophils,jmastjc
hatjcells? ells
ellsjeosinophils
Whatjdojtheyjre Specific
Pathogenjpatterns
cognize? epitope
j
s
Howjarejthejrec
Rearrangedjg
eptorsjencode Germjline
enejsegments
d?
Whyjcan'tjtheyjc
Pathogensjevolvejes Takesjtoojlongjt
ontroljalljinfectio
capejmechanisms ojdevelop
nsjalone?
Whatjdojtheyjdoji Producejantibo
Engulfjandjdestroy,ji
njresponsejtojanti dies,jkilljinfect
nducejinflammation
gen? edjcells
10. Whatjarejthejhallmarksjofjinflammation?jDescribejthejphysicaljcharacteristicsjofjsomeonejexperiencingjanjinf
lammatoryjresponse.
ANSWER:j Redness,jswelling,jheat,jpain.jSomeonejexperiencingjinflammationjmightjhavejlocalizedjswellingjandjr
ednessjorjitchingjorjmayjbejexperiencingjfaintnessjduejtojajloweringjofjbloodjpressurejifjmorejsevere.
11. Uponjreceivingjimmunejserumjasjajtreatmentjforjajvenomousjsnakejbite,jwouldjthejrecipientjbejimmune
