FULL SOLUTIONS 2026
◉ Though the study was clearly unethical by today's standards,
Watson's "Little Albert" study showed that phobias could _______ and
_______. Answer: be conditioned; generalized
◉ Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
- Nagging ceases as a consequence of cleaning one's room.
- Chores are added to a regular chores list as a consequence for
swearing in front of grandma.
- Use of the cell phone is disallowed for a week as a consequence of
poor grades.
- Privileges are taken away as a consequence for bad behavior.
Answer: Nagging ceases as a consequence of cleaning one's room.
◉ This description occurs more than once, though the questions
each time are different:
To condition someone to blink in response to hearing a "snap", a
psychologist may associate a bright light along with the snap.
At first, the person does not blink when he hears a snap.
At this point of the conditioning process, the snapping is called the
__________. Answer: neutral stimulus (NS)
, ◉ In Pavlov's classic study, a bell originally served as a(n) _______ but
then was termed a(n) _____ once salivation was triggered by the
sound. Answer: neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
◉ Please note: The following description may occur more than once
on this test, but the questions about the description are different.
Naomi loves dill pickles. Now, the sight of a jar on the supermarket
shelf makes her mouth water.
In the terminology of classical conditioning, her mouth watering is
a(n) _________. Answer: conditioned response (CR)
◉ A father scolds his son when he has tantrums. The tantrums
increase in frequency and severity, consequently. The father has
inadvertently __________ the child's tantrums. Answer: positively
reinforced
◉ Kyle is potty training his 3-year-old daughter. She is supposed to
let her father know whenever she needs to use the toilet, but she is
having accidents (target behavior) more than actually using the
toilet. Per the advice of his pediatrician, Kyle has decided to have his
daughter wash her underwear after each accident (target behavior).
His daughter starts to have fewer accidents. Kyle used _______ to
condition his daughter's behavior. Answer: punishment