PSYCHO PHARMACOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW GUIDE 2026
◉ IM - intramuscular administration. Answer: slow and even
delivery of drug - absorption usually 10-30 minutes post injection
non aqueous additives provide slow sustained release action
often painful
◉ SC - subcutaneous Administration. Answer: absorption dependent
upon blood supply to site
often slow and steady method
oils slow delivery
◉ Gaseous Administration. Answer: rapid absorption due to large
surface area of pulmonary capillary system - resulting in rapid effect
quick onset of drug effect means drug reaches brain almost instantly
◉ Topical administration. Answer: direct application to mucosal
membranes
rapid absorptions into mucosal capillary system results in rapid
drug effects
,◉ transdermal application. Answer: slow absorption due to the skin
(effective barrier against diffusion)
patches use lipophilic substances that penetrate skin. controlled and
sustained
◉ liberation. Answer: durg release into biological system from an
administered form
◉ excipients. Answer: chemicals added to drugs to allow drugs to
exist in different forms
◉ formulations. Answer: a specific form of a drug that changes
liberation
control the rate of delivery only when the liberation rate is LESS
than the absorption rate
◉ bioequivalence. Answer: if two drug formulations have equal
bioavailability and rate of adsorption the resulting plasma levels will
be similar if liberation is also the same.
◉ route of administration graph. Answer: IV straight line fastest
IM second fastest
PO smallest curve
, SC larger curve
IM-oil takes longest
◉ advantages and disadvantages of selected routes of drug
administration. Answer:
◉ Cell membranes. Answer: phospholipid bilayer creates barrier to
allow only aqueous molecules that are lipophilic drugs or uncharged
molecules to pass
◉ passive diffusion. Answer: down the concentration gradient
high to low
◉ facilitated diffusion. Answer: movement by transport protein
down the concentration gradient
◉ carrier mediated active transport. Answer: movement by a
transport protein against the concentration gradient
from low to high
requires ATP
REVIEW GUIDE 2026
◉ IM - intramuscular administration. Answer: slow and even
delivery of drug - absorption usually 10-30 minutes post injection
non aqueous additives provide slow sustained release action
often painful
◉ SC - subcutaneous Administration. Answer: absorption dependent
upon blood supply to site
often slow and steady method
oils slow delivery
◉ Gaseous Administration. Answer: rapid absorption due to large
surface area of pulmonary capillary system - resulting in rapid effect
quick onset of drug effect means drug reaches brain almost instantly
◉ Topical administration. Answer: direct application to mucosal
membranes
rapid absorptions into mucosal capillary system results in rapid
drug effects
,◉ transdermal application. Answer: slow absorption due to the skin
(effective barrier against diffusion)
patches use lipophilic substances that penetrate skin. controlled and
sustained
◉ liberation. Answer: durg release into biological system from an
administered form
◉ excipients. Answer: chemicals added to drugs to allow drugs to
exist in different forms
◉ formulations. Answer: a specific form of a drug that changes
liberation
control the rate of delivery only when the liberation rate is LESS
than the absorption rate
◉ bioequivalence. Answer: if two drug formulations have equal
bioavailability and rate of adsorption the resulting plasma levels will
be similar if liberation is also the same.
◉ route of administration graph. Answer: IV straight line fastest
IM second fastest
PO smallest curve
, SC larger curve
IM-oil takes longest
◉ advantages and disadvantages of selected routes of drug
administration. Answer:
◉ Cell membranes. Answer: phospholipid bilayer creates barrier to
allow only aqueous molecules that are lipophilic drugs or uncharged
molecules to pass
◉ passive diffusion. Answer: down the concentration gradient
high to low
◉ facilitated diffusion. Answer: movement by transport protein
down the concentration gradient
◉ carrier mediated active transport. Answer: movement by a
transport protein against the concentration gradient
from low to high
requires ATP
