Ch09: An International Perspective on
Juvenile Justice Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest Update 2026)
Section: Delinquency As a Worldwide Problem - Summary of United
Nations Report on Delinquency -
correct answer ✅- More than one million children worldwide are
in detention facilities for violations of criminal laws.
- Youth are disproportionately represented in statistics on crime
and violence, both as victims and as offenders.
- Delinquency is largely a group phenomenon and is more likely to
occur in urban than rural areas.
- Most first-time offenders do not re-offend.
- Diversion and other community-based measures are the best
response to young offenders.
Section: International Standards - The U.N. Has Developed
Humanitarian-Based Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice
-
correct answer ✅- U.N. Standard Minimum Rules for the
Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules-1985)
,Ch09: An International Perspective on
Juvenile Justice Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest Update 2026)
- U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC-1989)
- U.N. Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (Riyadh
Rules-1990)
- U.N. Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty
(JDL-1990)
- These rules set the minimum standards by providing fair trial
guarantees, and basic procedural safeguards, and promoting
rehabilitation and reintegration of young people.
- The U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC-1989), like all
U.N. conventions, is a binding document that requires all signing
countries to abide by its standards in its national laws, procedures,
and policies.
- It has become the most universally approved treaty in the world,
with only two countries refusing to ratify it.
, Ch09: An International Perspective on
Juvenile Justice Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest Update 2026)
- Somalia and the United States
- The U.S. Senate has not ratified and presumably will not ratify
because some individuals and groups believe the convention will
undermine parental authority.
Section: Who Are Juveniles? - There Is No Agreement As To What
Age Criminal Responsibility Begins -
correct answer ✅Table 9.1: Minimum Age of Criminal
Responsibility Around the World
Section: Models of Juvenile Justice - Distinction Is Often Between
Welfare (Paternalistic) and Justice (Accountability) Models -
correct answer ✅Welfare Model:
- Emphasis is on the juvenile's general well-being.
- Diversion from formal action is preferred.
- Sanction should be treatment based.
Justice Model:
- Juveniles are considered rational and responsible for their own
actions.
Juvenile Justice Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest Update 2026)
Section: Delinquency As a Worldwide Problem - Summary of United
Nations Report on Delinquency -
correct answer ✅- More than one million children worldwide are
in detention facilities for violations of criminal laws.
- Youth are disproportionately represented in statistics on crime
and violence, both as victims and as offenders.
- Delinquency is largely a group phenomenon and is more likely to
occur in urban than rural areas.
- Most first-time offenders do not re-offend.
- Diversion and other community-based measures are the best
response to young offenders.
Section: International Standards - The U.N. Has Developed
Humanitarian-Based Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice
-
correct answer ✅- U.N. Standard Minimum Rules for the
Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules-1985)
,Ch09: An International Perspective on
Juvenile Justice Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest Update 2026)
- U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC-1989)
- U.N. Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (Riyadh
Rules-1990)
- U.N. Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty
(JDL-1990)
- These rules set the minimum standards by providing fair trial
guarantees, and basic procedural safeguards, and promoting
rehabilitation and reintegration of young people.
- The U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC-1989), like all
U.N. conventions, is a binding document that requires all signing
countries to abide by its standards in its national laws, procedures,
and policies.
- It has become the most universally approved treaty in the world,
with only two countries refusing to ratify it.
, Ch09: An International Perspective on
Juvenile Justice Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest Update 2026)
- Somalia and the United States
- The U.S. Senate has not ratified and presumably will not ratify
because some individuals and groups believe the convention will
undermine parental authority.
Section: Who Are Juveniles? - There Is No Agreement As To What
Age Criminal Responsibility Begins -
correct answer ✅Table 9.1: Minimum Age of Criminal
Responsibility Around the World
Section: Models of Juvenile Justice - Distinction Is Often Between
Welfare (Paternalistic) and Justice (Accountability) Models -
correct answer ✅Welfare Model:
- Emphasis is on the juvenile's general well-being.
- Diversion from formal action is preferred.
- Sanction should be treatment based.
Justice Model:
- Juveniles are considered rational and responsible for their own
actions.
