Page 1 of 276
“MEDICAL–SURGICAL NURSING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY + MANAGEMENT 2026
”LATEST EXAM 2026 – 2027 SOLVED
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS VERIFIED 100%
GRADED A+ (LATEST VERSION) WELL REVISED
100% GUARANTEE PASS
Pathophysiology Exam (Practice ATI Questions)
The nurse suspects that a newborn infant who presents with bilateral flank
masses, impaired lung development, and oliguria may be suffering from which
of the following disorders?
a) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPD)
b) Simple renal cysts
c) Horseshoe kidney abnormality
d) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPD)
The typical infant with ARPD presents with bilateral flank masses, accompanied by
severe renal failure, signs of impaired lung development, and variable degrees of
liver fibrosis and portal hypertension.
A patient is being evaluated for kidney stones. The nurse anticipates the
patient will manifest:
, Page 2 of 276
Acute onset of colicky or dull and achy intermittent flank pain
One of the major manifestations of kidney stones is pain. Depending on the location,
there are two types of pain associated with kidney stones—colicky or non colicky.
The pain may radiate to the lower abdominal quadrant, bladder area, perineum, or
scrotum in men. Stones are not externally visible or palpable. Obstruction by a stone
may result in urinary retention and increased fluid volume.
A nurse is caring for a patient who is diagnosed with acute poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis. Which of the following is the most common clinical
presentation of this condition?
a) Occult hematuria
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Nephritic syndrome
d) Renal colic
Nephritic syndrome
The acute nephritic syndrome is the clinical correlate of acute glomerular
inflammation. The nephritic syndromes produce a proliferative inflammatory
response, whereas the nephrotic syndrome produces increased permeability of the
glomerulus. The acute nephritic syndrome may occur in such a systemic disease as
systemic lupus erythematosus. Typically, however, it is associated with acute
proliferative glomerulonephritis such as postinfectious glomerulonephritis. Acute
postinfectious glomerulonephritis usually occurs after infection with certain strains of
A beta-hemolytic streptococci and is caused by deposition of immune complexes of
antibody and bacterial antigens
Which of the following is the most common cancer of the kidney?
a) Lymphoma
b) Renal cell carcinoma
c) Wilms tumor
d) Transitional cell carcinoma
, Page 3 of 276
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma accounts for 80% to 90% of all kidney tumors.
A nurse is caring for a patient with diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The analysis is
reviewed for the presence of which of the following manifestations?
a) Albumin
b) Red blood cells
c) Sodium
d) Potassium
Albumin
The clinical manifestations of diabetic glomerulosclerosis are closely linked to those
of diabetes. The increased glomerular filtration rate that occurs in people with early
alterations in renal function is associated with microalbuminuria, which is defined as
urinary albumin excretion of 30 to 300 mg in 24 hours.
Which of the following substances would not be found in glomerular filtrate?
a) Water
b) Protein
c) Potassium
d) Sodium
Protein
The glomerular filtrate has a chemical composition similar to plasma which contains
sodium, potassium and water, but it contains no proteins because large molecules
do not readily cross the glomerular wall.
The nurse reviews the lab results for a patient who has advanced autosomal
dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The patient 's hemoglobin is 8.8
g/dL. The nurse suspects this lab value is related to which of the following
causes?
a) Poor dietary intake of iron
b) Low calcium levels
, Page 4 of 276
c) Reduced production of erythropoietin
d) Hemorrhage
Reduced production of erythropoietin
As ADPKD progresses, the nephrons reduce the production of erythropoietin (EPO).
EPO is necessary for red blood cell production by bone marrow, so EPO deficiency
causes anemia.
A nurse is caring for a child with Wilms tumor, stage I. Which of the following
can be said regarding this diagnosis? Select all that apply.
a) The tumor is limited to the kidney and can be excised with the capsular
surface intact.
b) The tumor has undergone hematogenous metastasis, most commonly
involving the lung.
c) Prognosis is good with treatment.
d) Prognosis is poor even with treatment.
• Prognosis is good with treatment.
• The tumor is limited to the kidney and can be excised with the capsular surface
intact.
Long-term survival rates have increased to 90% for Wilms tumor stages I through III.
The tumors usually are staged using the National Wilms' Tumor Study Group
classification: stage I tumors are limited to the kidney and can be excised with the
capsular surface intact.
Which of the following best describes nephronophthisis-medullary cystic
kidney disease?
a) Small elongated cysts form in the collecting ducts and maintain contact with
the nephron of origin.
b) Cysts are restricted to the corticomedullary border.
c) Cysts develop in the kidney as a consequence of aging, dialysis, or other
conditions that affect tubular function.
“MEDICAL–SURGICAL NURSING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY + MANAGEMENT 2026
”LATEST EXAM 2026 – 2027 SOLVED
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS VERIFIED 100%
GRADED A+ (LATEST VERSION) WELL REVISED
100% GUARANTEE PASS
Pathophysiology Exam (Practice ATI Questions)
The nurse suspects that a newborn infant who presents with bilateral flank
masses, impaired lung development, and oliguria may be suffering from which
of the following disorders?
a) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPD)
b) Simple renal cysts
c) Horseshoe kidney abnormality
d) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPD)
The typical infant with ARPD presents with bilateral flank masses, accompanied by
severe renal failure, signs of impaired lung development, and variable degrees of
liver fibrosis and portal hypertension.
A patient is being evaluated for kidney stones. The nurse anticipates the
patient will manifest:
, Page 2 of 276
Acute onset of colicky or dull and achy intermittent flank pain
One of the major manifestations of kidney stones is pain. Depending on the location,
there are two types of pain associated with kidney stones—colicky or non colicky.
The pain may radiate to the lower abdominal quadrant, bladder area, perineum, or
scrotum in men. Stones are not externally visible or palpable. Obstruction by a stone
may result in urinary retention and increased fluid volume.
A nurse is caring for a patient who is diagnosed with acute poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis. Which of the following is the most common clinical
presentation of this condition?
a) Occult hematuria
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Nephritic syndrome
d) Renal colic
Nephritic syndrome
The acute nephritic syndrome is the clinical correlate of acute glomerular
inflammation. The nephritic syndromes produce a proliferative inflammatory
response, whereas the nephrotic syndrome produces increased permeability of the
glomerulus. The acute nephritic syndrome may occur in such a systemic disease as
systemic lupus erythematosus. Typically, however, it is associated with acute
proliferative glomerulonephritis such as postinfectious glomerulonephritis. Acute
postinfectious glomerulonephritis usually occurs after infection with certain strains of
A beta-hemolytic streptococci and is caused by deposition of immune complexes of
antibody and bacterial antigens
Which of the following is the most common cancer of the kidney?
a) Lymphoma
b) Renal cell carcinoma
c) Wilms tumor
d) Transitional cell carcinoma
, Page 3 of 276
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma accounts for 80% to 90% of all kidney tumors.
A nurse is caring for a patient with diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The analysis is
reviewed for the presence of which of the following manifestations?
a) Albumin
b) Red blood cells
c) Sodium
d) Potassium
Albumin
The clinical manifestations of diabetic glomerulosclerosis are closely linked to those
of diabetes. The increased glomerular filtration rate that occurs in people with early
alterations in renal function is associated with microalbuminuria, which is defined as
urinary albumin excretion of 30 to 300 mg in 24 hours.
Which of the following substances would not be found in glomerular filtrate?
a) Water
b) Protein
c) Potassium
d) Sodium
Protein
The glomerular filtrate has a chemical composition similar to plasma which contains
sodium, potassium and water, but it contains no proteins because large molecules
do not readily cross the glomerular wall.
The nurse reviews the lab results for a patient who has advanced autosomal
dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The patient 's hemoglobin is 8.8
g/dL. The nurse suspects this lab value is related to which of the following
causes?
a) Poor dietary intake of iron
b) Low calcium levels
, Page 4 of 276
c) Reduced production of erythropoietin
d) Hemorrhage
Reduced production of erythropoietin
As ADPKD progresses, the nephrons reduce the production of erythropoietin (EPO).
EPO is necessary for red blood cell production by bone marrow, so EPO deficiency
causes anemia.
A nurse is caring for a child with Wilms tumor, stage I. Which of the following
can be said regarding this diagnosis? Select all that apply.
a) The tumor is limited to the kidney and can be excised with the capsular
surface intact.
b) The tumor has undergone hematogenous metastasis, most commonly
involving the lung.
c) Prognosis is good with treatment.
d) Prognosis is poor even with treatment.
• Prognosis is good with treatment.
• The tumor is limited to the kidney and can be excised with the capsular surface
intact.
Long-term survival rates have increased to 90% for Wilms tumor stages I through III.
The tumors usually are staged using the National Wilms' Tumor Study Group
classification: stage I tumors are limited to the kidney and can be excised with the
capsular surface intact.
Which of the following best describes nephronophthisis-medullary cystic
kidney disease?
a) Small elongated cysts form in the collecting ducts and maintain contact with
the nephron of origin.
b) Cysts are restricted to the corticomedullary border.
c) Cysts develop in the kidney as a consequence of aging, dialysis, or other
conditions that affect tubular function.
