PT 618 Exam 1 Study Guide: Motor Control
Foundations & Movement Organization|Latest
Update Complete with Verified Questions and
A+ Graded Answers
Motor Control
-studies nature of movement and how the movement is controlled
-defined as ability to regulate/direct the mechanisms essential to movement
Questions Motor Control Addresses
-how the CNS organizes the muscles/joint into coordinated functional movements?
-how sensory info is used to select/control movement?
-how perception of self, tasks, and environment influence movement?
-what is the best way to study movement and how can movement be quantified?
Why PT's should study Motor Control?
-spend considerable time retraining individuals w/ motor control problems producing functions
movement disorders
-understanding motor control(specifically nature and control of movement) is critical to clincial
practice
Goal of PT Intervention
-change movement
-inc capacity to move
-improve quality and quantity of postures and movements critical to function
Generating Movements
-generate movements to meet demands of the task that is performed in a specific environment
Organization of Movement
Movement is Constrained by factors within the:
-individual
-task
,-environment
*movement emerges from the interaction of these
Movement and Action
-motor control is studied in relation to specific actions or activities
-need to understand the motor output from the nervous system to the body's effector
system(muscles)
Individual Factors Constraining Movement
-movement and action
-movement and perception
-movement and cognition
Effector System Factors
-high number of muscles/joints
-coordination problem
Movement and Perception
-includes peripheral sensory mechanisms and high level processing that adds interpretation and
meaning to incoming afferent inffo
Sensory/Perceptual Systems Provide
-info about the state of the body
-features within the environment
Movement and Cognition
-movement is commonly performed within a certain content
-attention/motivation/emotional aspects play role in movement performance
Task Constraint on Movement
-nature of task performed determines type of movement needed
-recovery of function following CNS damage requires pt to develop movement patterns that
meet demands in the face of impairment
Grouping Tasks
1. Functional categories
2. Attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms
3. According to whether the base of support is still in motion
,4. According to the presence of a manipulation task
5. According to movement variability
Functional Categories
-bed mobility tasks
-transfer tasks
-ADLs
Attributes that Regulate Neural Control Mechanisms
-movement tasks could be classified as discrete or continuous
Discrete Movement Tasks
-definite beginning and end of movement
-"kicking a ball"
Continuous Movement Tasks
-no definite beginning/end
-continuously performed
Base of Support is still in motion
-tasks involving nonmoving BOS are usually performed prior to moving BOS b/c
-stability requirements are less demanding in nonmoving BOS
-attentional recourses inc as stability demands inc
Presence of a manipulation task
-addition of a manipulation task inc the demand for stability
-tasks might be sequenced in accordance w/ the hierarchy of stability demands
According to Movement Variability
-open vs closed movement tasks
-closed movement tasks are often performed prior to open tasks
Open Movement Task
-requires adaptation to behaviors within a constantly changing and unpredicatable environment
Closed Movement Task
-stereotyped
-little variation in movements
-performed in relatively fixed or predictable environments
, Environmental Constraints on Movement
-CNS must take into consideration regulatory and nonregulatory features of the environment
-must prepare patients to meet demands of a wide variety of environemnts as it could be
positive(support performance) or negative(disable/hinder performance)
Regulatory Features of Environment
-specify aspect of the environment that shape movement itself
-size/shape/weight of object to be lifted
-type of surface which we walk on
Nonregulatory Features of Environemnt
-may affect performance but movement does not have to conform to these features
-background noise
-presence of distraction
Theories of Motor Control
-motor control theory is a set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable
structures or processes and relate them to each other and to observable events
-gives meaning to facts
Theory vs Practice
-PT actions are based on assumptions delivered from theories
-motor control theory is part of theoretical basis for clinical practice
MCT Provides Things for Clinical Practice
-framework for interpreting behavior
-guide for clinical action
-new ideas
-working hypotheses for examining and intervention
Motor Control Theories
-reflex theory
-hierarchal theory
-systems theory
-dynamic action theory
Reflex Theory Overview
Foundations & Movement Organization|Latest
Update Complete with Verified Questions and
A+ Graded Answers
Motor Control
-studies nature of movement and how the movement is controlled
-defined as ability to regulate/direct the mechanisms essential to movement
Questions Motor Control Addresses
-how the CNS organizes the muscles/joint into coordinated functional movements?
-how sensory info is used to select/control movement?
-how perception of self, tasks, and environment influence movement?
-what is the best way to study movement and how can movement be quantified?
Why PT's should study Motor Control?
-spend considerable time retraining individuals w/ motor control problems producing functions
movement disorders
-understanding motor control(specifically nature and control of movement) is critical to clincial
practice
Goal of PT Intervention
-change movement
-inc capacity to move
-improve quality and quantity of postures and movements critical to function
Generating Movements
-generate movements to meet demands of the task that is performed in a specific environment
Organization of Movement
Movement is Constrained by factors within the:
-individual
-task
,-environment
*movement emerges from the interaction of these
Movement and Action
-motor control is studied in relation to specific actions or activities
-need to understand the motor output from the nervous system to the body's effector
system(muscles)
Individual Factors Constraining Movement
-movement and action
-movement and perception
-movement and cognition
Effector System Factors
-high number of muscles/joints
-coordination problem
Movement and Perception
-includes peripheral sensory mechanisms and high level processing that adds interpretation and
meaning to incoming afferent inffo
Sensory/Perceptual Systems Provide
-info about the state of the body
-features within the environment
Movement and Cognition
-movement is commonly performed within a certain content
-attention/motivation/emotional aspects play role in movement performance
Task Constraint on Movement
-nature of task performed determines type of movement needed
-recovery of function following CNS damage requires pt to develop movement patterns that
meet demands in the face of impairment
Grouping Tasks
1. Functional categories
2. Attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms
3. According to whether the base of support is still in motion
,4. According to the presence of a manipulation task
5. According to movement variability
Functional Categories
-bed mobility tasks
-transfer tasks
-ADLs
Attributes that Regulate Neural Control Mechanisms
-movement tasks could be classified as discrete or continuous
Discrete Movement Tasks
-definite beginning and end of movement
-"kicking a ball"
Continuous Movement Tasks
-no definite beginning/end
-continuously performed
Base of Support is still in motion
-tasks involving nonmoving BOS are usually performed prior to moving BOS b/c
-stability requirements are less demanding in nonmoving BOS
-attentional recourses inc as stability demands inc
Presence of a manipulation task
-addition of a manipulation task inc the demand for stability
-tasks might be sequenced in accordance w/ the hierarchy of stability demands
According to Movement Variability
-open vs closed movement tasks
-closed movement tasks are often performed prior to open tasks
Open Movement Task
-requires adaptation to behaviors within a constantly changing and unpredicatable environment
Closed Movement Task
-stereotyped
-little variation in movements
-performed in relatively fixed or predictable environments
, Environmental Constraints on Movement
-CNS must take into consideration regulatory and nonregulatory features of the environment
-must prepare patients to meet demands of a wide variety of environemnts as it could be
positive(support performance) or negative(disable/hinder performance)
Regulatory Features of Environment
-specify aspect of the environment that shape movement itself
-size/shape/weight of object to be lifted
-type of surface which we walk on
Nonregulatory Features of Environemnt
-may affect performance but movement does not have to conform to these features
-background noise
-presence of distraction
Theories of Motor Control
-motor control theory is a set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable
structures or processes and relate them to each other and to observable events
-gives meaning to facts
Theory vs Practice
-PT actions are based on assumptions delivered from theories
-motor control theory is part of theoretical basis for clinical practice
MCT Provides Things for Clinical Practice
-framework for interpreting behavior
-guide for clinical action
-new ideas
-working hypotheses for examining and intervention
Motor Control Theories
-reflex theory
-hierarchal theory
-systems theory
-dynamic action theory
Reflex Theory Overview
