EDUC 701 Chapter 9 Motivation
Instincts - Answer-innate tendencies that determine behavior
have survival value of organisms
homeostasis - Answer-process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
optimal levels of physiological states
hedonism - Answer-self-indulgence; pleasure-seeking
Three historical perspectives on motivation - Answer-drive theory
conditioning theory
cognitive consistency theory
drive theory - Answer-the belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs
that demand satisfaction
does not offer an adequate explanation for academic motivation
drive - Answer-motivational force
drive-reduction theory - Answer-approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological
needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and
arousal
primary needs - Answer-biological necessities like hunger and thirst
, secondary reinforcer - Answer-any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary
reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
conditioning theory - Answer-the theory that learning is a trial-and-error process
explain motivation in elicited by stimuli
classical conditioning - Answer-a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and
anticipate events
operant conditioning - Answer-motivated behavior is an increase rate of responding or a greater likely
hood that a response will occur in the presence of a stimulus
Cognitive Consistency Theory - Answer-cognitive inconsistencies create tension and thus motivate the
organism
balance theory - Answer-individuals have a tendency to cognitively balance relations among persons,
situations, and events
cognitive dissonance - Answer-individuals attempt to maintain consistent relations among their beliefs,
attitudes, opinions, and behaviors
Ways to reduce dissonance - Answer-change a discrepant cognition
qualify cognitions
downgrade the importance of the cognitions
alter behavior
humanistic theories - Answer-view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
Instincts - Answer-innate tendencies that determine behavior
have survival value of organisms
homeostasis - Answer-process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
optimal levels of physiological states
hedonism - Answer-self-indulgence; pleasure-seeking
Three historical perspectives on motivation - Answer-drive theory
conditioning theory
cognitive consistency theory
drive theory - Answer-the belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs
that demand satisfaction
does not offer an adequate explanation for academic motivation
drive - Answer-motivational force
drive-reduction theory - Answer-approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological
needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and
arousal
primary needs - Answer-biological necessities like hunger and thirst
, secondary reinforcer - Answer-any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary
reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
conditioning theory - Answer-the theory that learning is a trial-and-error process
explain motivation in elicited by stimuli
classical conditioning - Answer-a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and
anticipate events
operant conditioning - Answer-motivated behavior is an increase rate of responding or a greater likely
hood that a response will occur in the presence of a stimulus
Cognitive Consistency Theory - Answer-cognitive inconsistencies create tension and thus motivate the
organism
balance theory - Answer-individuals have a tendency to cognitively balance relations among persons,
situations, and events
cognitive dissonance - Answer-individuals attempt to maintain consistent relations among their beliefs,
attitudes, opinions, and behaviors
Ways to reduce dissonance - Answer-change a discrepant cognition
qualify cognitions
downgrade the importance of the cognitions
alter behavior
humanistic theories - Answer-view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
