NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA
EXAM 1 250 EXAM QUESTIONS UPDATED 2026
VERIFIED ANSWERS HIGH YIELD STUDY GUIDE
GRADED A+
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation) - CORRECT
ANSWER -Atrophy
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does
not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER -
Hyperplasia
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization
(classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix
that must undergo laser/surgical tx - CORRECT ANSWER -Dysplasia
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells
change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal
metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -Metaplasia
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy - CORRECT
ANSWER -Hypoxia injury
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER -Free radical and
ROS
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
,C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible - CORRECT ANSWER -Ethanol
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes
distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
- CORRECT ANSWER -Oncosis
Liver and germ cell tumors - CORRECT ANSWER -Alpha Fetoprotein
Origin
GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors - CORRECT ANSWER -
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
prostate tumors - CORRECT ANSWER -Prostate Specific Antigen
from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER -
Carcino-
from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER -Sarco-
preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cells- cervix -
CORRECT ANSWER -Carcinoma in situ
Multiple organs including brain - CORRECT ANSWER -Lung ca
metastasis
Liver, lungs - CORRECT ANSWER -Colorectal ca metastasis
, Liver, lungs, brain - CORRECT ANSWER -Testicular ca metastasis
Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver - CORRECT ANSWER -Prostate ca
metastasis
Liver, bones, lymphatics - CORRECT ANSWER -Head and neck ca
metastasis
Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver - CORRECT ANSWER -
Ovarian ca metastasis
Lungs - CORRECT ANSWER -Sarcoma metastasis
In transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract - CORRECT ANSWER -
Melanoma metastasis
Local invasion, followed by invasion of surrounding tissues. Cells then may
invade blood and lymphatic vessels. They must survive in circulation, then enter
and survive in a new location. Then the cells can multiply and form a new
tumor. - CORRECT ANSWER -Mechanisms of ca metastasis
T= tumor size >/= correlates with metastatic ability
N= whether lymph nodes are involved
M= extra nodal involvement (liver, lungs) - CORRECT ANSWER -TNM
staging system
In venous system- 20% - CORRECT ANSWER -Intravascular fluid
compartment
EXAM 1 250 EXAM QUESTIONS UPDATED 2026
VERIFIED ANSWERS HIGH YIELD STUDY GUIDE
GRADED A+
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation) - CORRECT
ANSWER -Atrophy
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does
not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER -
Hyperplasia
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization
(classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix
that must undergo laser/surgical tx - CORRECT ANSWER -Dysplasia
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells
change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal
metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -Metaplasia
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy - CORRECT
ANSWER -Hypoxia injury
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER -Free radical and
ROS
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
,C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible - CORRECT ANSWER -Ethanol
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes
distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
- CORRECT ANSWER -Oncosis
Liver and germ cell tumors - CORRECT ANSWER -Alpha Fetoprotein
Origin
GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors - CORRECT ANSWER -
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
prostate tumors - CORRECT ANSWER -Prostate Specific Antigen
from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER -
Carcino-
from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER -Sarco-
preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cells- cervix -
CORRECT ANSWER -Carcinoma in situ
Multiple organs including brain - CORRECT ANSWER -Lung ca
metastasis
Liver, lungs - CORRECT ANSWER -Colorectal ca metastasis
, Liver, lungs, brain - CORRECT ANSWER -Testicular ca metastasis
Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver - CORRECT ANSWER -Prostate ca
metastasis
Liver, bones, lymphatics - CORRECT ANSWER -Head and neck ca
metastasis
Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver - CORRECT ANSWER -
Ovarian ca metastasis
Lungs - CORRECT ANSWER -Sarcoma metastasis
In transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract - CORRECT ANSWER -
Melanoma metastasis
Local invasion, followed by invasion of surrounding tissues. Cells then may
invade blood and lymphatic vessels. They must survive in circulation, then enter
and survive in a new location. Then the cells can multiply and form a new
tumor. - CORRECT ANSWER -Mechanisms of ca metastasis
T= tumor size >/= correlates with metastatic ability
N= whether lymph nodes are involved
M= extra nodal involvement (liver, lungs) - CORRECT ANSWER -TNM
staging system
In venous system- 20% - CORRECT ANSWER -Intravascular fluid
compartment
