1|Page
Texas PPR Exam Preparation Version 1
Newest With Complete Questions And
Correct Detailed Answers 2026| Brand New
Version!
The ability to think simultaneously about a whole class of objects
and about relationships among subordinate classes; a framework
for thinking.......ANSWER.......Class Inclusion
The third stage (7 to 11 years) of cognitive development in which
children develop the capacity for logical reasoning and
understanding of conservation but can use the skills only in
dealing with familiar situations. New abilities include operations
that are reversible. Thinking is decentered, allowing them to
understand that others may have different perceptions, and
problem solving is less restricted by egocentrism. Abstract thinking
is not possible.......ANSWER.......Concrete Operational Stage
The ability to understand stimuli in the context of relevant
information. Preschoolers see what they see with little ability to
infer the meaning behind what they see. Students in the concrete
operational stage respond to inferred reality and see things in the
context of other meanings.......ANSWER.......Inferred Reality
Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such
as size, weight, volume, etc. Seriation involves arranging things in a
,2|Page
logical progression such as from smallest to largest or shortest or
tallest.......ANSWER.......Seriation
A skill learned during the concrete operational stage in which
children can mentally arrange and compare objects. Transitivity is
the ability to infer a relationship between two objects on the basis
of knowledge of their respective relationships with a third object.
(If a>b and b>c, then a>c)......ANSWER.......Transivity
A mental transformation that requires reversible thinking. (+X is
reversed by -X)......ANSWER.......Inversion
A mental transformation that requires reversible thinking.
(MM)......ANSWER.......Reciprocity
Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, developed a theory of
cognitive development based on two key ideas. He proposed
children understand the world based on social interactions within
their culture and the sign systems that represent ideas. These
systems include symbols used to think, solve problems, and
communicate. Vygotsky's theory highlights the socio-cultural
nature of learning.......ANSWER.......Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive
Development
According to Vygotsky's theory, self-regulation is the ability to
think and solve problems without the help of others. Learning is a
,3|Page
social process and learning occurs when self-regulation is
achieved.......ANSWER.......Self-regulation
Symbols that cultures create to help people think, solve problems,
and communicate.......ANSWER.......Sign Systems
Inner speech or children's self-talk that guides thinking and
actions; an important consideration in Vygotsky's theory of
cognitive development.......ANSWER.......Private Speech
Level of development immediately above a student's present level.
The tasks within the zone of proximal development require
assistance from the teacher or a more knowledgeable other.
Students cannot perform tasks alone within the zone of proximal
development. Activities designed within this zone are guided
activities.......ANSWER.......Zone of Proximal Development
Support for learning and problem solving that include clues,
reminders, examples, or encouragement. Scaffolding allows a
student to make a learning connection and become independent as
a learner.......ANSWER.......Scaffolding
Strategies in which students work together to help one another
learn by sharing perspectives and providing models of slightly
advanced thinking.......ANSWER.......Cooperative Learning
, 4|Page
Instruction intentionally adapted to the current developmental
level of students rather than planned according their chronological
age or grade level.......ANSWER.......Developmentally Appropriate
Education
A set of principles that relates social environment to psychological
development.......ANSWER.......Psychosocial Theory
Trained by Freud as a psychoanalyst, Erikson proposed people pass
through eight psychosocial stages of development. A psychosocial
crisis is resolved at each stage.......ANSWER.......Erikson's Theory of
Psychosocial Development
Part of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development addresses
children's moral reasoning. Piaget proposed that as children's
thinking becomes more advanced their understanding of moral
problems deepens. 1. Heteronomous Morality (based on rules and
consequences) 2. Autonomous Morality (based on mutual respect
and recognition)......ANSWER.......Piaget's Theory of Moral
Development
According to Piaget's theory of moral development, the younger
stage when children think rules are unchangeable and that
breaking rules leads to
punishment.......ANSWER.......Heteronomous Morality
Texas PPR Exam Preparation Version 1
Newest With Complete Questions And
Correct Detailed Answers 2026| Brand New
Version!
The ability to think simultaneously about a whole class of objects
and about relationships among subordinate classes; a framework
for thinking.......ANSWER.......Class Inclusion
The third stage (7 to 11 years) of cognitive development in which
children develop the capacity for logical reasoning and
understanding of conservation but can use the skills only in
dealing with familiar situations. New abilities include operations
that are reversible. Thinking is decentered, allowing them to
understand that others may have different perceptions, and
problem solving is less restricted by egocentrism. Abstract thinking
is not possible.......ANSWER.......Concrete Operational Stage
The ability to understand stimuli in the context of relevant
information. Preschoolers see what they see with little ability to
infer the meaning behind what they see. Students in the concrete
operational stage respond to inferred reality and see things in the
context of other meanings.......ANSWER.......Inferred Reality
Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such
as size, weight, volume, etc. Seriation involves arranging things in a
,2|Page
logical progression such as from smallest to largest or shortest or
tallest.......ANSWER.......Seriation
A skill learned during the concrete operational stage in which
children can mentally arrange and compare objects. Transitivity is
the ability to infer a relationship between two objects on the basis
of knowledge of their respective relationships with a third object.
(If a>b and b>c, then a>c)......ANSWER.......Transivity
A mental transformation that requires reversible thinking. (+X is
reversed by -X)......ANSWER.......Inversion
A mental transformation that requires reversible thinking.
(MM)......ANSWER.......Reciprocity
Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, developed a theory of
cognitive development based on two key ideas. He proposed
children understand the world based on social interactions within
their culture and the sign systems that represent ideas. These
systems include symbols used to think, solve problems, and
communicate. Vygotsky's theory highlights the socio-cultural
nature of learning.......ANSWER.......Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive
Development
According to Vygotsky's theory, self-regulation is the ability to
think and solve problems without the help of others. Learning is a
,3|Page
social process and learning occurs when self-regulation is
achieved.......ANSWER.......Self-regulation
Symbols that cultures create to help people think, solve problems,
and communicate.......ANSWER.......Sign Systems
Inner speech or children's self-talk that guides thinking and
actions; an important consideration in Vygotsky's theory of
cognitive development.......ANSWER.......Private Speech
Level of development immediately above a student's present level.
The tasks within the zone of proximal development require
assistance from the teacher or a more knowledgeable other.
Students cannot perform tasks alone within the zone of proximal
development. Activities designed within this zone are guided
activities.......ANSWER.......Zone of Proximal Development
Support for learning and problem solving that include clues,
reminders, examples, or encouragement. Scaffolding allows a
student to make a learning connection and become independent as
a learner.......ANSWER.......Scaffolding
Strategies in which students work together to help one another
learn by sharing perspectives and providing models of slightly
advanced thinking.......ANSWER.......Cooperative Learning
, 4|Page
Instruction intentionally adapted to the current developmental
level of students rather than planned according their chronological
age or grade level.......ANSWER.......Developmentally Appropriate
Education
A set of principles that relates social environment to psychological
development.......ANSWER.......Psychosocial Theory
Trained by Freud as a psychoanalyst, Erikson proposed people pass
through eight psychosocial stages of development. A psychosocial
crisis is resolved at each stage.......ANSWER.......Erikson's Theory of
Psychosocial Development
Part of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development addresses
children's moral reasoning. Piaget proposed that as children's
thinking becomes more advanced their understanding of moral
problems deepens. 1. Heteronomous Morality (based on rules and
consequences) 2. Autonomous Morality (based on mutual respect
and recognition)......ANSWER.......Piaget's Theory of Moral
Development
According to Piaget's theory of moral development, the younger
stage when children think rules are unchangeable and that
breaking rules leads to
punishment.......ANSWER.......Heteronomous Morality
