Cell Biology
C1 – Cell Structure & Transport:
1.1 - Microscopes:
Throughout time, microscopes have increased in magnification and stopped colour distortion and
low resolution. Resolution is ability to see finer details
LIGHT ELECTRON
Can see colour Can't see colour
Low resolution High resolution
Low magnification High magnification
Shines light through Uses electrons
Can see living specimen Can't see living specimen
As electron microscopes have higher magnification and resolving power, you can see sub-cellular
structures clearer. The mitochondria being discovered supports this.
Total Mag = Eye Piece x Objective
Magnification = Image Size/Real Size
Micrometres (um) = 0.000001m OR 1x10-6 e.g. cells
Nanometres (nm) = 1x10 –9 e.g. DNA
Goes down –3 power for metre to milli to micro to nano
1.2 - Animal and Plant Cells:
, Cell Wall – Made of cellulose, strengthens plant cell
Cell Membrane – Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Ribosomes – Where protein synthesis occurs
Nucleus – Controls genes and activities of cell
Vacuole – Cell sap keeps cells shape proper
Cytoplasm – Most chemical reactions take place
Mitochondria – Site of aerobic respiration
Chloroplast – Produces energy via photosynthesis
1.3 - Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells:
Eukaryotic have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material in a nucleus. Examples are plant
and animal cells.
Prokaryotic are a single-celled organisms and the genes are not in the nucleus. Examples are bacteria
cells.
Flagellum – Long protein to help cell movement
Plasmid - DNA
1.4 - Specialisation in Animal Cells:
C1 – Cell Structure & Transport:
1.1 - Microscopes:
Throughout time, microscopes have increased in magnification and stopped colour distortion and
low resolution. Resolution is ability to see finer details
LIGHT ELECTRON
Can see colour Can't see colour
Low resolution High resolution
Low magnification High magnification
Shines light through Uses electrons
Can see living specimen Can't see living specimen
As electron microscopes have higher magnification and resolving power, you can see sub-cellular
structures clearer. The mitochondria being discovered supports this.
Total Mag = Eye Piece x Objective
Magnification = Image Size/Real Size
Micrometres (um) = 0.000001m OR 1x10-6 e.g. cells
Nanometres (nm) = 1x10 –9 e.g. DNA
Goes down –3 power for metre to milli to micro to nano
1.2 - Animal and Plant Cells:
, Cell Wall – Made of cellulose, strengthens plant cell
Cell Membrane – Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Ribosomes – Where protein synthesis occurs
Nucleus – Controls genes and activities of cell
Vacuole – Cell sap keeps cells shape proper
Cytoplasm – Most chemical reactions take place
Mitochondria – Site of aerobic respiration
Chloroplast – Produces energy via photosynthesis
1.3 - Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells:
Eukaryotic have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material in a nucleus. Examples are plant
and animal cells.
Prokaryotic are a single-celled organisms and the genes are not in the nucleus. Examples are bacteria
cells.
Flagellum – Long protein to help cell movement
Plasmid - DNA
1.4 - Specialisation in Animal Cells:
