DHN 311 exam 2 || EXAM QUESTIONS WITH FULLY
VERIFIED ANSWERS!!
Oxioreductases correct answers · catalyze simultaneously an oxidation and a reduction. Substrate
undergoes either oxidation or reduction while enzyme does opposite, but substrate eventually
returns to normal.
o Dehydrogenases, reductases, oxidases, peroxidases...
transferases correct answers · catalyze the transfer of a group from molecule to another. NOT
REDOX.
o Transketolase, transaldolase, transmethylase, and transaminases.
hydrolases correct answers · catalyze the cleavage of a bond through the insertion of water.
o Esterase, amidases, peptidases, phosphatases, and glycosidases.
lyases correct answers · catalyze the removal of a group by breaking the bond between 2
molecules with the addition of a double bond or group
o Decarboxylases, aldolases, synthetases...)
isomerases correct answers · catalyze the conversion of one isomer to another
o Isomerases, mutases, racemases
liases correct answers · catalyze the formation of bonds between carbon and a variety of other
atoms- O, S, N. Requires energy.
o Acetyl Coa synthetase.
In a catabolic reaction, the substrate of the reaction tends to be ______ (oxidized or reduced),
which means the coenzyme tends to be reduced. The reducing equivalents, NADH/FADH2, are
used to generate energy and tend to be generated during catabolic reactions. Catabolic reactions
also generate ______ which is also chemical energy. correct answers Oxidized. ATP
During an anabolic reaction NAD, FAD, ADP are generated. They are generated at the expense
of using some energy to build a larger molecule that might be stored as energy reserves (ex. Fat).
In this case the substrate of the reaction is _______ (oxidized or reduced) leaving the coenzyme
to be oxidized. When NAD, FAD, ADP were generated they released energy. correct answers
Reduced.
The major anabolic hormone is known as ____ (insulin or glucagon)? correct answers insulin
Insulin turns ______ (on or off) the following -- Glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, protein
synthesis, fat synthesis. Insulin is associated with building or synthesizing molecules as well as
storing fuel sources such as glycogen and fat. correct answers on
, Major catabolic hormones include ____ (insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine or glucagon).
Glucagon and the catecholamines are associated with breaking stored fuel sources down and
oxidizing them to generate energy. correct answers glucagon
Glucagon and insulin tend to be released at the same time or at different times? Do they work in
opposition to one another? correct answers They tend to be released at different times. Insulin
during the fed state and glucagon during the fasted state. They work in opposition. Insulin works
to store extra glucose as glycogen and fat. Glucagon works to break down these energy stores in
order to supply the body.
Does glucagon turn on or off the following reactions: gluconeogenesis, glycogen breakdown,
beta oxidation, ketogenesis. correct answers on
Do we oxidize or reduce the foods that we eat to obtain energy from them? Oxidative pathways
that we utilize to generate energy from food includes glycolysis, citric acid cycle, beta oxidation
and electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation. correct answers The primary mechanism
used by non-photosynthetic organisms to obtain energy is oxidation.
We get more energy from fat or carbohydrates because it contains more hydrogen, which means
it is more reduced. We generate more NADH and acetyl CoA from fat than carbohydrates. Why
do fats have more energy? correct answers Fats are more reduced than carbs, so we are able to
oxidize them more. This allows us to get more energy off of them when compared to carbs.
Give three examples of pathways in our bodies that used ATP. correct answers Glycolysis,
Sodium Potassium Pumps, Energy sources for muscle contraction.
Where is energy stored in ATP? correct answers in the bonds between the phosphates
Does 1 molecule of glucose or 1 molecule of palmitic acid make more ATP and why? correct
answers 1 molecule of palmitic acid. There is a longer carbon chain in palmitic acid. This gives it
the ability to be more reduced than glucose. There are more hydrogens available. In turn, this
allows the acid to be more oxidized so that more ATP will come from it.
What are the two ways that humans generate ATP? Which is major and which is minor? correct
answers Substrate level phosphorylation (minor)- direct synthesis of ATP from ADP and a
reactive intermediate. This intermediate is usually a high energy phosphate containing molecule.
Phosphoeneolpyruvate + ADP --> Pyruvate + ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation (major)- oxidation of energy rich molecules, like carbs à CO2 and
water, there is transport of electrons that lose much of their free energy. The free energy is
captured and stored by the production of ATP from ADP and Pi.
During stage 1 of cellular respiration what is generated following the oxidation of proteins, fats
and carbohydrates? correct answers Acetyl CoA
During stage 2 of cellular respiration all of the acetyl Coa generated from the oxidation of fats,
carbs and amino acids during stage 1 then enters the Krebs cycle (also known as the TCA cycle
VERIFIED ANSWERS!!
Oxioreductases correct answers · catalyze simultaneously an oxidation and a reduction. Substrate
undergoes either oxidation or reduction while enzyme does opposite, but substrate eventually
returns to normal.
o Dehydrogenases, reductases, oxidases, peroxidases...
transferases correct answers · catalyze the transfer of a group from molecule to another. NOT
REDOX.
o Transketolase, transaldolase, transmethylase, and transaminases.
hydrolases correct answers · catalyze the cleavage of a bond through the insertion of water.
o Esterase, amidases, peptidases, phosphatases, and glycosidases.
lyases correct answers · catalyze the removal of a group by breaking the bond between 2
molecules with the addition of a double bond or group
o Decarboxylases, aldolases, synthetases...)
isomerases correct answers · catalyze the conversion of one isomer to another
o Isomerases, mutases, racemases
liases correct answers · catalyze the formation of bonds between carbon and a variety of other
atoms- O, S, N. Requires energy.
o Acetyl Coa synthetase.
In a catabolic reaction, the substrate of the reaction tends to be ______ (oxidized or reduced),
which means the coenzyme tends to be reduced. The reducing equivalents, NADH/FADH2, are
used to generate energy and tend to be generated during catabolic reactions. Catabolic reactions
also generate ______ which is also chemical energy. correct answers Oxidized. ATP
During an anabolic reaction NAD, FAD, ADP are generated. They are generated at the expense
of using some energy to build a larger molecule that might be stored as energy reserves (ex. Fat).
In this case the substrate of the reaction is _______ (oxidized or reduced) leaving the coenzyme
to be oxidized. When NAD, FAD, ADP were generated they released energy. correct answers
Reduced.
The major anabolic hormone is known as ____ (insulin or glucagon)? correct answers insulin
Insulin turns ______ (on or off) the following -- Glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, protein
synthesis, fat synthesis. Insulin is associated with building or synthesizing molecules as well as
storing fuel sources such as glycogen and fat. correct answers on
, Major catabolic hormones include ____ (insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine or glucagon).
Glucagon and the catecholamines are associated with breaking stored fuel sources down and
oxidizing them to generate energy. correct answers glucagon
Glucagon and insulin tend to be released at the same time or at different times? Do they work in
opposition to one another? correct answers They tend to be released at different times. Insulin
during the fed state and glucagon during the fasted state. They work in opposition. Insulin works
to store extra glucose as glycogen and fat. Glucagon works to break down these energy stores in
order to supply the body.
Does glucagon turn on or off the following reactions: gluconeogenesis, glycogen breakdown,
beta oxidation, ketogenesis. correct answers on
Do we oxidize or reduce the foods that we eat to obtain energy from them? Oxidative pathways
that we utilize to generate energy from food includes glycolysis, citric acid cycle, beta oxidation
and electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation. correct answers The primary mechanism
used by non-photosynthetic organisms to obtain energy is oxidation.
We get more energy from fat or carbohydrates because it contains more hydrogen, which means
it is more reduced. We generate more NADH and acetyl CoA from fat than carbohydrates. Why
do fats have more energy? correct answers Fats are more reduced than carbs, so we are able to
oxidize them more. This allows us to get more energy off of them when compared to carbs.
Give three examples of pathways in our bodies that used ATP. correct answers Glycolysis,
Sodium Potassium Pumps, Energy sources for muscle contraction.
Where is energy stored in ATP? correct answers in the bonds between the phosphates
Does 1 molecule of glucose or 1 molecule of palmitic acid make more ATP and why? correct
answers 1 molecule of palmitic acid. There is a longer carbon chain in palmitic acid. This gives it
the ability to be more reduced than glucose. There are more hydrogens available. In turn, this
allows the acid to be more oxidized so that more ATP will come from it.
What are the two ways that humans generate ATP? Which is major and which is minor? correct
answers Substrate level phosphorylation (minor)- direct synthesis of ATP from ADP and a
reactive intermediate. This intermediate is usually a high energy phosphate containing molecule.
Phosphoeneolpyruvate + ADP --> Pyruvate + ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation (major)- oxidation of energy rich molecules, like carbs à CO2 and
water, there is transport of electrons that lose much of their free energy. The free energy is
captured and stored by the production of ATP from ADP and Pi.
During stage 1 of cellular respiration what is generated following the oxidation of proteins, fats
and carbohydrates? correct answers Acetyl CoA
During stage 2 of cellular respiration all of the acetyl Coa generated from the oxidation of fats,
carbs and amino acids during stage 1 then enters the Krebs cycle (also known as the TCA cycle
