POLI 1090 EXAM 5 QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
(GRADED A+)
Political socialization - Answer-Lifelong process shaping beliefs via family, school,
religion, and class.
Social identity - Answer-Belonging to a group that shapes political interests.
Social sorting - Answer-Alignment of social groups with political parties; leads to strong
group-based partisanship.
Affective polarization - Answer-Emotional hostility between parties; more personal and
intense.
Equal population districts - Answer-House and state legislative districts must have equal
populations.
Pork-barrel spending - Answer-Federal money directed to local projects; may 'buy off'
voters.
Incumbency advantage - Answer-Incumbents win at higher rates due to name
recognition, resources, and experience.
Advertising - Answer-Positive exposure of a legislator's name.
Credit claiming - Answer-Taking credit for delivering government benefits.
Position taking - Answer-Making public statements on issues.
Descriptive representation - Answer-Representative shares demographic traits with
constituents.
Substantive representation - Answer-Representative advances policies that help
constituents.
Symbolic representation - Answer-Representative expresses empathy and connection
with constituents.
Voting heuristics - Answer-Voters rely on shortcuts such as partisanship.
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
(GRADED A+)
Political socialization - Answer-Lifelong process shaping beliefs via family, school,
religion, and class.
Social identity - Answer-Belonging to a group that shapes political interests.
Social sorting - Answer-Alignment of social groups with political parties; leads to strong
group-based partisanship.
Affective polarization - Answer-Emotional hostility between parties; more personal and
intense.
Equal population districts - Answer-House and state legislative districts must have equal
populations.
Pork-barrel spending - Answer-Federal money directed to local projects; may 'buy off'
voters.
Incumbency advantage - Answer-Incumbents win at higher rates due to name
recognition, resources, and experience.
Advertising - Answer-Positive exposure of a legislator's name.
Credit claiming - Answer-Taking credit for delivering government benefits.
Position taking - Answer-Making public statements on issues.
Descriptive representation - Answer-Representative shares demographic traits with
constituents.
Substantive representation - Answer-Representative advances policies that help
constituents.
Symbolic representation - Answer-Representative expresses empathy and connection
with constituents.
Voting heuristics - Answer-Voters rely on shortcuts such as partisanship.
