NUR 376 Exam 1 Elaborate Study
Questions with Correct Answers
1. Brian, age 28, began an aerobic exercise program 2 years ago. Brian now
competes in long-distance cycling events and considers himself to be an
endurance athlete who is in the "best shape of his life." An echocardiogram
reveals a slightly enlarged left ventricle. What cellular change or injury that
is best exemplified by the case scenario. - ANSWER Physiologic
hypertrophy
2. An ADAPTIVE type of hypertrophy that occurs due to extensive exercise,
whereby the heart will create new blood vessel branches (angiogenesis) and
there is increased mitochondria, ATP, and actin/myosin filaments in the
muscle.
Contraindications? - ANSWER Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular
concentration, Increase in intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
,-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue
causing swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
3. HTN clinical manifestations - ANSWER "Silent killer"
Symptoms of severe hypertension
Fatigue
Dizziness
Palpitations
Angina
Dyspnea
4. HTN diagnosis - ANSWER -HTN exists when SBP is >130 and DBP >80
at 2 or more clinical visits
-testing includes ECG, urinalysis, CBC, blood glucose, serum potassium, serum
creatinine and serum calcium
*tests to rule out disorders that cause secondary HTN
5. Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
,What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? - ANSWER Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
4.) Lactated Ringers (LR)
Purpose:
To increase extracellular fluid
Loss through:
-Blood loss
-Dehydration (may be due to nausea & vomiting)
-Surgery
6. Role of sodium in the body - ANSWER Major electrolyte that is found in
the ECF
Essential for acid-base, fluid balance, active & passive transport mechanism,
irritability & conduction of nerve-muscle tissue
7. In what direction does fluid flow in osmosis? - ANSWER Lower to Higher
Concentration
S&S Hypernatremia
Use "FRIED SALT" acronym - ANSWER F- flushed skin
, R- restless, anxious, confused, irritable
I-increased BP & fluid retention
E- edema (pitting)
D- decreased urine output
S-skin flushed & dry
A-agitation
L-low grade fever
T-thirst (dry mucous membranes)
8. Causes of Hyponatremia (< 135)
Think "4 D's - ANSWER 1. Increased sodium excretion
- Diaphoresis (ex: high fever)
- Diarrhea & vomiting
- Drains (NGT suction)
-Diuretics (thiazide & loop)
2. SIADH (abnormal ADH secretion- regulated water)
3. Adrenal insufficiency (reduced aldosterone)
4. Inadequate sodium intake in diet
5. Kidney Disease
6. HF
Causes of Hypernatremia (> 145) - ANSWER 1. Increased sodium intake
- excess oral sodium ingestion
- excess adm. of IV fluids with sodium
Questions with Correct Answers
1. Brian, age 28, began an aerobic exercise program 2 years ago. Brian now
competes in long-distance cycling events and considers himself to be an
endurance athlete who is in the "best shape of his life." An echocardiogram
reveals a slightly enlarged left ventricle. What cellular change or injury that
is best exemplified by the case scenario. - ANSWER Physiologic
hypertrophy
2. An ADAPTIVE type of hypertrophy that occurs due to extensive exercise,
whereby the heart will create new blood vessel branches (angiogenesis) and
there is increased mitochondria, ATP, and actin/myosin filaments in the
muscle.
Contraindications? - ANSWER Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular
concentration, Increase in intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
,-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue
causing swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
3. HTN clinical manifestations - ANSWER "Silent killer"
Symptoms of severe hypertension
Fatigue
Dizziness
Palpitations
Angina
Dyspnea
4. HTN diagnosis - ANSWER -HTN exists when SBP is >130 and DBP >80
at 2 or more clinical visits
-testing includes ECG, urinalysis, CBC, blood glucose, serum potassium, serum
creatinine and serum calcium
*tests to rule out disorders that cause secondary HTN
5. Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
,What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? - ANSWER Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
4.) Lactated Ringers (LR)
Purpose:
To increase extracellular fluid
Loss through:
-Blood loss
-Dehydration (may be due to nausea & vomiting)
-Surgery
6. Role of sodium in the body - ANSWER Major electrolyte that is found in
the ECF
Essential for acid-base, fluid balance, active & passive transport mechanism,
irritability & conduction of nerve-muscle tissue
7. In what direction does fluid flow in osmosis? - ANSWER Lower to Higher
Concentration
S&S Hypernatremia
Use "FRIED SALT" acronym - ANSWER F- flushed skin
, R- restless, anxious, confused, irritable
I-increased BP & fluid retention
E- edema (pitting)
D- decreased urine output
S-skin flushed & dry
A-agitation
L-low grade fever
T-thirst (dry mucous membranes)
8. Causes of Hyponatremia (< 135)
Think "4 D's - ANSWER 1. Increased sodium excretion
- Diaphoresis (ex: high fever)
- Diarrhea & vomiting
- Drains (NGT suction)
-Diuretics (thiazide & loop)
2. SIADH (abnormal ADH secretion- regulated water)
3. Adrenal insufficiency (reduced aldosterone)
4. Inadequate sodium intake in diet
5. Kidney Disease
6. HF
Causes of Hypernatremia (> 145) - ANSWER 1. Increased sodium intake
- excess oral sodium ingestion
- excess adm. of IV fluids with sodium
