BIO 1008 Exam Pt2 Study Guide
2026/2027
Infectious agents - ANSWER most benign, some advantageous, divergent interests
result in conflict, selective pressures = coevolution, adaptations.
pathogens - ANSWER disease causing agents, parasites, fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions
epidemiology - ANSWER understanding and explaining disease, study of ecological
aspects of a disease to explain transmission, distribution, prevelance, incidence
disease - ANSWER abnormal condition of body or mind causing discomfort, dysfunction
or distress to person affected
infectious disease - ANSWER disease caused by a transmissible infectious agent, direct
or indirect contact, via a vector
epidemic - ANSWER rapid increase in levels of an infection locally
epizootic - ANSWER aminal equivalant of epidemic
endemic - ANSWER infecion with no wide fluctuations, in defined space
pandemic - ANSWER epidemic widely distributed affecting many people
incidence - ANSWER rate of new cases of infection in a population
infectious period - ANSWER time period when infected people can transmit the infection
1st line of defense - ANSWER physical/chemical non-specific barriers. skin, mucosal
surfaces, tears, saliva, acidic secretions, mucous, symbiotic bacteria
2nd line of defense - ANSWER innate immunity (non-specific). quickly acting internal
response with cellular defense (phagocytic cells), chemical defense (cytokines),
inflammation (allow chemical to reach infection site), fever
3rd line of defense - ANSWER adaptive immunity (specific). highly sophisticated and
specialized response against specific pathogens providing memory, cell mediated
immune response. humoral immune response
antigen presenting cells - ANSWER machrophages, dendritic cells. raise alarm after
engulfing pathogens
lymphocytes - ANSWER type of white blood cells, upon activation will carry out effector
function, forms B/T lymphocytes
, B lymphocytes - ANSWER once activated = plasma cells, produce specific antibodies
t lymphocytes - ANSWER helper - send messages by cytokines. cytoxic - kill infected
cells. regulatory - switch off other immune cells once threat under control
antigen - ANSWER molecule on surface of pathogen or toxin recognised as foreign and
triggers immune response
antibody - ANSWER protein produced by activated B lymphoxytes recognising and
binding to specific antigen
cytokines - ANSWER chemical messengers of immune system produced in response to
infection
parasites - ANSWER An organism that lives in or on another organism, gaining
resources and food. eukaryotes (protozoa) to works, crustaceans, insects
vector - ANSWER living carrier which transports thing
ectoparasites - ANSWER live on surface of hosts, mainly arthropods
mesoparasites - ANSWER live inside host but in organs opening to outside (eg intestine,
urinary and genital tracts)
endoparasites - ANSWER (extracellular) live within host bodily fluids, tissues or organs,
(intracellular) within host cells
definitive host - ANSWER if a parasite goes through sexual reproduction, host in which it
reaches sexual maturity is called definitive host
intermediate host - ANSWER other hosts in parasites life where more development
occurs (but not sexual maturity)
reservoir host - ANSWER any animal harboring a parasite that can be transmitted to
humans
direct life cycle - ANSWER parasite with single host
indirect life cycle - ANSWER parasite with two or more hosts
parasite adaptations - ANSWER enable them to encounter a sisceptible host, invade it
and its defensive mechanisms. capable of altering a large range of phenotypic traits of
host (morphological, physiological, behavioural traits).
parasite altering morphology example - ANSWER ants from central america infected
with round worm, red abdomen to dupe the next host to eat ant
parasite altering behaviour example - ANSWER crickets infected by hairworms commit
suicide by jumping into an aquatic environment needed by adult hairworm for
continuation of life cycle
2026/2027
Infectious agents - ANSWER most benign, some advantageous, divergent interests
result in conflict, selective pressures = coevolution, adaptations.
pathogens - ANSWER disease causing agents, parasites, fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions
epidemiology - ANSWER understanding and explaining disease, study of ecological
aspects of a disease to explain transmission, distribution, prevelance, incidence
disease - ANSWER abnormal condition of body or mind causing discomfort, dysfunction
or distress to person affected
infectious disease - ANSWER disease caused by a transmissible infectious agent, direct
or indirect contact, via a vector
epidemic - ANSWER rapid increase in levels of an infection locally
epizootic - ANSWER aminal equivalant of epidemic
endemic - ANSWER infecion with no wide fluctuations, in defined space
pandemic - ANSWER epidemic widely distributed affecting many people
incidence - ANSWER rate of new cases of infection in a population
infectious period - ANSWER time period when infected people can transmit the infection
1st line of defense - ANSWER physical/chemical non-specific barriers. skin, mucosal
surfaces, tears, saliva, acidic secretions, mucous, symbiotic bacteria
2nd line of defense - ANSWER innate immunity (non-specific). quickly acting internal
response with cellular defense (phagocytic cells), chemical defense (cytokines),
inflammation (allow chemical to reach infection site), fever
3rd line of defense - ANSWER adaptive immunity (specific). highly sophisticated and
specialized response against specific pathogens providing memory, cell mediated
immune response. humoral immune response
antigen presenting cells - ANSWER machrophages, dendritic cells. raise alarm after
engulfing pathogens
lymphocytes - ANSWER type of white blood cells, upon activation will carry out effector
function, forms B/T lymphocytes
, B lymphocytes - ANSWER once activated = plasma cells, produce specific antibodies
t lymphocytes - ANSWER helper - send messages by cytokines. cytoxic - kill infected
cells. regulatory - switch off other immune cells once threat under control
antigen - ANSWER molecule on surface of pathogen or toxin recognised as foreign and
triggers immune response
antibody - ANSWER protein produced by activated B lymphoxytes recognising and
binding to specific antigen
cytokines - ANSWER chemical messengers of immune system produced in response to
infection
parasites - ANSWER An organism that lives in or on another organism, gaining
resources and food. eukaryotes (protozoa) to works, crustaceans, insects
vector - ANSWER living carrier which transports thing
ectoparasites - ANSWER live on surface of hosts, mainly arthropods
mesoparasites - ANSWER live inside host but in organs opening to outside (eg intestine,
urinary and genital tracts)
endoparasites - ANSWER (extracellular) live within host bodily fluids, tissues or organs,
(intracellular) within host cells
definitive host - ANSWER if a parasite goes through sexual reproduction, host in which it
reaches sexual maturity is called definitive host
intermediate host - ANSWER other hosts in parasites life where more development
occurs (but not sexual maturity)
reservoir host - ANSWER any animal harboring a parasite that can be transmitted to
humans
direct life cycle - ANSWER parasite with single host
indirect life cycle - ANSWER parasite with two or more hosts
parasite adaptations - ANSWER enable them to encounter a sisceptible host, invade it
and its defensive mechanisms. capable of altering a large range of phenotypic traits of
host (morphological, physiological, behavioural traits).
parasite altering morphology example - ANSWER ants from central america infected
with round worm, red abdomen to dupe the next host to eat ant
parasite altering behaviour example - ANSWER crickets infected by hairworms commit
suicide by jumping into an aquatic environment needed by adult hairworm for
continuation of life cycle
