PA APPRAISERS LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER 1 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔sag frame damage - ✔✔damage to front or rear rails has caused a height difference
in the rail - either higher or lower than factory specifications
✔✔sway frame damage - ✔✔the front or rear of the frame has moved laterally, creating
uneven width measurements from the centerline of the vehicle
✔✔Twist frame damage - ✔✔heights of opposite corners are uneven, often repairable
in full-frame vehicles
✔✔three dimensions of frame damage - ✔✔length, width, and height
✔✔Rough pulls - ✔✔- careful measurements will identify location and extent of damage
- damaged frames can be anchored on a jig and pulled back into shape
✔✔Rough-pull sequence (body-on-frame) - ✔✔pull in reverse order of damage
✔✔Rough-pull sequence (unibody) - ✔✔preferable pull in all directions at once, if not
possible, pull length, width, then height
✔✔Pulling diamond damage - ✔✔- anchor frame at two locations on one side at 45-
degree angle
- pull frame from two locations on other side of frame at same 45-degree angle in
opposite direction
✔✔Pulling sag damage - ✔✔- block low end
- pull down on high end
✔✔Pulling twist damage - ✔✔- block low corners
- pull down on opposite high corners
✔✔pulling sway damage - ✔✔pull swayed frame section laterally in the opposite
direction of the impact
✔✔MIG welding - ✔✔- uses consumable wire electrode and shielding gas
- electric arc b/w electrode and base metals melts the metal
✔✔TIG welding - ✔✔- uses non consumable wire electrode and shielding gas
- may incorporate a filler rod to increase mechanical properties of the weld
- slower process than MIG welding
- better option for thinner metals because it uses less amerage, causing less heat
distribution
, ✔✔resistance spot welding - ✔✔- two sheets of metal are forced together with electricity
- concentrated electrics current melts metal where the two sheets touch
✔✔Corrosion protection - ✔✔- all bare metal surfaced need corrosion protection to
protect them from rust
- heat destroys factory coating, so corrosion protecting must be reapplied after any heat
applications such as welding
✔✔Weld-through primer - ✔✔- applied to bare metal flanged in a pinch weld
- poor adhesion
✔✔Sealers - ✔✔fills gaps in seam b/w unibody components to keep out air and
moisture
✔✔cavity wax - ✔✔non-hardening waxy compound that can flow into hard-to-reach
areas, like inside hood and trunk ledges and door shells
✔✔undercoating - ✔✔strong coating applied to exposed exterior surfaces, like wheel
wells and underside of vehicles
✔✔chip (gravel) guard - ✔✔tough coating applied to lower areas of body panels that are
exposed to road debris, such as rocker panels
✔✔corrosion protection primers - ✔✔used for covering body panels before they are
painted
✔✔Two types of corrosion protection primers - ✔✔Self-etching and two-component
epoxy
✔✔internal combustion engine - ✔✔- mixture of fuel and air ignited by spark plugs
inside combustion chambers
- continuous series of mini-explosions move pistons, which move drivetrain components
- propelling the vehicle
✔✔components of combustion engine - ✔✔- block
- cylinders
- head
- pistons
- crankshafts
- camshaft
- valve assembly
- timing chain
AND ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔sag frame damage - ✔✔damage to front or rear rails has caused a height difference
in the rail - either higher or lower than factory specifications
✔✔sway frame damage - ✔✔the front or rear of the frame has moved laterally, creating
uneven width measurements from the centerline of the vehicle
✔✔Twist frame damage - ✔✔heights of opposite corners are uneven, often repairable
in full-frame vehicles
✔✔three dimensions of frame damage - ✔✔length, width, and height
✔✔Rough pulls - ✔✔- careful measurements will identify location and extent of damage
- damaged frames can be anchored on a jig and pulled back into shape
✔✔Rough-pull sequence (body-on-frame) - ✔✔pull in reverse order of damage
✔✔Rough-pull sequence (unibody) - ✔✔preferable pull in all directions at once, if not
possible, pull length, width, then height
✔✔Pulling diamond damage - ✔✔- anchor frame at two locations on one side at 45-
degree angle
- pull frame from two locations on other side of frame at same 45-degree angle in
opposite direction
✔✔Pulling sag damage - ✔✔- block low end
- pull down on high end
✔✔Pulling twist damage - ✔✔- block low corners
- pull down on opposite high corners
✔✔pulling sway damage - ✔✔pull swayed frame section laterally in the opposite
direction of the impact
✔✔MIG welding - ✔✔- uses consumable wire electrode and shielding gas
- electric arc b/w electrode and base metals melts the metal
✔✔TIG welding - ✔✔- uses non consumable wire electrode and shielding gas
- may incorporate a filler rod to increase mechanical properties of the weld
- slower process than MIG welding
- better option for thinner metals because it uses less amerage, causing less heat
distribution
, ✔✔resistance spot welding - ✔✔- two sheets of metal are forced together with electricity
- concentrated electrics current melts metal where the two sheets touch
✔✔Corrosion protection - ✔✔- all bare metal surfaced need corrosion protection to
protect them from rust
- heat destroys factory coating, so corrosion protecting must be reapplied after any heat
applications such as welding
✔✔Weld-through primer - ✔✔- applied to bare metal flanged in a pinch weld
- poor adhesion
✔✔Sealers - ✔✔fills gaps in seam b/w unibody components to keep out air and
moisture
✔✔cavity wax - ✔✔non-hardening waxy compound that can flow into hard-to-reach
areas, like inside hood and trunk ledges and door shells
✔✔undercoating - ✔✔strong coating applied to exposed exterior surfaces, like wheel
wells and underside of vehicles
✔✔chip (gravel) guard - ✔✔tough coating applied to lower areas of body panels that are
exposed to road debris, such as rocker panels
✔✔corrosion protection primers - ✔✔used for covering body panels before they are
painted
✔✔Two types of corrosion protection primers - ✔✔Self-etching and two-component
epoxy
✔✔internal combustion engine - ✔✔- mixture of fuel and air ignited by spark plugs
inside combustion chambers
- continuous series of mini-explosions move pistons, which move drivetrain components
- propelling the vehicle
✔✔components of combustion engine - ✔✔- block
- cylinders
- head
- pistons
- crankshafts
- camshaft
- valve assembly
- timing chain
