Advanced Pathophysiology: NU606
with correct questions and answers
Risk - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
Prevalence - correct answer <<<✨✨✨A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's
likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of
disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a
population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Ratio - correct answer <<<✨✨✨The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the
number of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for
susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Early detection, screening, and management of
disease
*Illness absent, disease present
,example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability,
and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology - correct answer <<<✨✨✨study of the patterns of disease involving populations;
examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large
groups of populations/people
Endemic - correct answer <<<✨✨✨A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - correct answer <<<✨✨✨When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same
time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps
spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* - correct answer <<<✨✨✨
Homeostasis - correct answer <<<✨✨✨A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a
articular ideal "set-point"
Exhausation - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
,Allostatic Overload - correct answer <<<✨✨✨"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive
or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to
new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures,
sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* - correct answer <<<✨✨✨
Endocrine Communication - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Signaling through the extraceullar fluid
between cells in a tissue
, Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is
also the target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations
of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in response to
voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels open.
The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
Describe a Resting Action Potential - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Electrical charge when there is no net
ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Take Home Message About Action Potentials - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Resting Membrane
Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
with correct questions and answers
Risk - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
Prevalence - correct answer <<<✨✨✨A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's
likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of
disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a
population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Ratio - correct answer <<<✨✨✨The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the
number of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for
susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Early detection, screening, and management of
disease
*Illness absent, disease present
,example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability,
and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology - correct answer <<<✨✨✨study of the patterns of disease involving populations;
examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large
groups of populations/people
Endemic - correct answer <<<✨✨✨A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - correct answer <<<✨✨✨When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same
time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps
spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* - correct answer <<<✨✨✨
Homeostasis - correct answer <<<✨✨✨A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a
articular ideal "set-point"
Exhausation - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
,Allostatic Overload - correct answer <<<✨✨✨"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive
or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to
new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures,
sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* - correct answer <<<✨✨✨
Endocrine Communication - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Signaling through the extraceullar fluid
between cells in a tissue
, Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is
also the target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations
of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in response to
voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels open.
The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
Describe a Resting Action Potential - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Electrical charge when there is no net
ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Take Home Message About Action Potentials - correct answer <<<✨✨✨Resting Membrane
Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
