NUR 612 EXAM 1 (MODULE 3) UAB
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
Endocrine System correct answer System composed of various
glands that can synthesize and release special chemical
messengers called hormones.
System works closely with the Nervous System and the Immune
system to regulate and integrate body functions.
Functions:
Growth and development
Sexual differentiation
Metabolism
Adaptation to an ever-changing environment
Regulation of digestion
Use and storage of nutrients
Electrolyte and water metabolism
Reproductive functions
Hormones correct answer Endocrine system uses chemical
substances called hormones as a means of regulating and
integrating body functions.
Hormones are thought of as chemical messengers produced to
target a specific cell. They do NOT initiate reactions but function
as a modulator of cellular and systemic responses.
,Function as chemical messengers
Move through the blood to distant target sites of action
Or, act more locally as paracrine or autocrine messengers that
incite more local effects
Most are present in body fluids at all times in greater or lesser
amounts as needed.
Characteristics
A single hormone can exert various effects in different tissues.
A single function can be regulated by several hormones.
Types of Hormone Actions correct answer Hormones are
released in one location but can have the biologic effect either in
that location of release or somewhere else
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Intracrine
Endocrine correct answer Hormones are released in the
circulation to act on a target organ (between remote cells)
Paracrine correct answer Hormones acts locally in cells other
than that produced the hormones Ex: sex steroids in ovary
(between local cells)
Hormones acting locally on cells other than those that produced
the hormone
, For example, the action of sex steroids on the ovary
Autocrine correct answer Hormones exert action on the cells
from which they are produced ex: insulin (on the cell that
produced them)
Hormones exerting action on the cells from which they were
produced
For example, the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells can
inhibit its release from the same cells
Intracrine correct answer Hormone action is within the cell that
produced the hormone
Mechanisms of Hormone Action correct answer Hormones
interact with high-affinity receptors.
These are linked to one or more effector system in the cell.
Hormone receptors may be located in the plasma membrane of
the cell (surface of the cell) or in the intracellular compartment
(inside the cell) of the target cell.
The vesicle mediated pathway correct answer Protein and
polypeptide hormones are synthesized and stored in vesicles in
the cytoplasm of the endocrine cell until secretion is required.
Stimulation of the endocrine cell causes the vesicles to move to
the cell membrane and release their hormones.
Non-vesicle mediated pathway correct answer Hormones are
synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and released
upon synthesis. Ex.: Steroid hormones
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
Endocrine System correct answer System composed of various
glands that can synthesize and release special chemical
messengers called hormones.
System works closely with the Nervous System and the Immune
system to regulate and integrate body functions.
Functions:
Growth and development
Sexual differentiation
Metabolism
Adaptation to an ever-changing environment
Regulation of digestion
Use and storage of nutrients
Electrolyte and water metabolism
Reproductive functions
Hormones correct answer Endocrine system uses chemical
substances called hormones as a means of regulating and
integrating body functions.
Hormones are thought of as chemical messengers produced to
target a specific cell. They do NOT initiate reactions but function
as a modulator of cellular and systemic responses.
,Function as chemical messengers
Move through the blood to distant target sites of action
Or, act more locally as paracrine or autocrine messengers that
incite more local effects
Most are present in body fluids at all times in greater or lesser
amounts as needed.
Characteristics
A single hormone can exert various effects in different tissues.
A single function can be regulated by several hormones.
Types of Hormone Actions correct answer Hormones are
released in one location but can have the biologic effect either in
that location of release or somewhere else
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Intracrine
Endocrine correct answer Hormones are released in the
circulation to act on a target organ (between remote cells)
Paracrine correct answer Hormones acts locally in cells other
than that produced the hormones Ex: sex steroids in ovary
(between local cells)
Hormones acting locally on cells other than those that produced
the hormone
, For example, the action of sex steroids on the ovary
Autocrine correct answer Hormones exert action on the cells
from which they are produced ex: insulin (on the cell that
produced them)
Hormones exerting action on the cells from which they were
produced
For example, the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells can
inhibit its release from the same cells
Intracrine correct answer Hormone action is within the cell that
produced the hormone
Mechanisms of Hormone Action correct answer Hormones
interact with high-affinity receptors.
These are linked to one or more effector system in the cell.
Hormone receptors may be located in the plasma membrane of
the cell (surface of the cell) or in the intracellular compartment
(inside the cell) of the target cell.
The vesicle mediated pathway correct answer Protein and
polypeptide hormones are synthesized and stored in vesicles in
the cytoplasm of the endocrine cell until secretion is required.
Stimulation of the endocrine cell causes the vesicles to move to
the cell membrane and release their hormones.
Non-vesicle mediated pathway correct answer Hormones are
synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and released
upon synthesis. Ex.: Steroid hormones
