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What is os, process, threads and scheduling?

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A process is an independent, "heavyweight" instance of a program in execution that operates in its own isolated memory space, whereas a thread is a "lightweight" unit of execution that exists within a process. While multiple processes are strictly isolated from one another for security and stability, all threads within a single process share the same code, data, and heap segments, allowing for faster communication and more efficient resource utilization. Consequently, context switching and creation are much faster for threads than for processes, though this shared environment requires careful synchronization to prevent data conflicts.

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